Tatianus, Oratio ad Graecos

Τοιοῦτοί τινές εἰσιν οἱ δαίμονες· οὗτοι οἳ τὴν εἱμαρμένην ὥρισαν. Στοιχείωσις δὲ αὐτοῖς ἡ ζώωσις ἦν. Τὰ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἑρπετὰ καὶ τὰ ἐν τοῖς ὕδασι νηκτὰ καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τοῖς ὄρεσι τετράποδα, μεθ᾿ ὧν ἐποιοῦντο τὴν δίαιταν ἔκβλητοι τῆς ἐν οὐρανῷ διαίτης γεγενημένοι, ταῦτα τῆς ἐπουρανίου τιμῆς ἠξίωσαν, ἵνα τε νομισθῶσιν αὐτοὶ διατρίβειν ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ τὴν ἄλογον ἐπὶ γῆς πολιτείαν εὔλογον διὰ τῆς ἀστροθεσίας ἀποδείξωσιν. Ὥστε ὁ θυμικὸς καὶ ὁ ἐπίμοχθος, καὶ ὁ ἐγκρατευόμενος καὶ ὁ ἀκρατής, καὶ ὁ πτωχεύων καὶ ὁ πλουτῶν, ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν ἐστι τῶν νομοθετησάντων τὴν γένεσιν. Ἡ γὰρ τοῦ ζωδιακοῦ κύκλου γραφὴ θεῶν ἐστι ποίημα. Καὶ τὸ ἐπικρατῆσαν, ὥς φασιν, ἑνὸς αὐτῶν φῶς τοὺς πλείονας παραβραβεύει· καὶ ὁ νικώμενος εἰς αὖθις νῦν ἐπικρατεῖν εἴωθεν. Εὐαρεστοῦσι δὲ αὐτοῖς οἱ ἑπτὰ πλανῆται, ὥσπερ οἱ ἐν τοῖς πεττοῖς ἀθύροντες. Ἡμεῖς δὲ καὶ εἱμαρμένης ἐσμὲν ἀνώτεροι, καὶ ἀντὶ πλανητῶν δαιμόνων ἕνα τὸν ἀπλανῆ δεσπότην μεμαθήκαμεν, καὶ οὐ καθ᾿ εἱμαρμένην ἀγόμενοι τοὺς ταύτης νομοθέτας παρῃτήμεθα.Λέγε μοι πρὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, Τριπτόλεμος ἔσπειρε τοὺς πυρούς, καὶ μετὰ τὸ πένθος εὐεργετεῖ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους; Διὰ τί δὲ ἡ Δημήτηρ τῆς θυγατρὸς μὴ ἀπολωλυίας τῶν ἀνθρώπων εὐεργέτις οὐκ ἐγένετο; Κύων ὁ τῆς Ἠριγόνης ἐν οὐρανῷ δείκνυται καὶ Σκορπίος ὁ τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος βοηθὸς καὶ Χείρων ὁ Κένταυρος καὶ ἡ ἡμίτομος Ἀργὼ καὶ ἡ Καλλιστοῦς ἄρκτος. Εἶτα πῶς πρὶν τούτους περὶ τὰς προειρημένας πράξεις γενέσθαι ἀκόσμητος ἦν ὁ οὐρανός; Τίνε δὲ οὐ γελοῖον εἶναι δόξει τὸ κατὰ μέν τινας διὰ τὴν Σικελίαν ἀστροθετούμενον Δελτωτόν, κατ᾿ ἐνίους δὲ τῆς τοῦ Διὸς προσωνυμίας πρωτότυπον στοιχεῖον; Διὰ τί γὰρ οὐχὶ καὶ ἡ Σαρδὼ καὶ ἡ Κύπρος ἐν οὐρανῷ τετίμηνται; Τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν οὐχὶ καὶ τῶν τοῦ Διὸς ἀδελφῶν, οἵ διενείμαντο τὰς βασιλείας, γραμμάτων σχηματουργίαι κατεστηρίχθησαν; Πῶς τε ὁ πεδηθεὶς Κρόνος καὶ τῆς βασιλείας ἔκβλητος γενόμενος τῆς εἱμαρμένης οἰκονόμος καθίσταται; Πῶς τε βασιλείας ὁ μηκέτι βασιλεύων δίδωσι; Καταβάλλετε τοιγαροῦν τὸν λῆρον, καὶ μὴ διὰ τὸ μισεῖν ἡμᾶς ἀδίκως παρανομήσητε.

Such are the demons; these are the ones who defined fate. And their elementary scheme was the making of animal-figures. For the creeping things on the earth, and the swimming things in the waters, and the four-footed beasts on the mountains, with which they made their dwelling when they had been cast out of their dwelling in heaven, these they deemed worthy of heavenly honour, so that they themselves might be thought to spend their time in heaven, and might show the irrational life on earth to be rational through the placing of the stars. So that the passionate man and the toiling one, the self-controlled and the incontinent, the beggar and the rich man, come from the very beings who legislated the nativity. For the drawing of the zodiac circle is a work of gods. And when the light of one of them prevails, as they say, it cheats the majority of the prize; and the one now defeated is accustomed to prevail another time. And the seven planets are well pleasing to them, like those who play at draughts. But we are above fate, and in place of wandering demons we have learned of one unwandering Lord, and, not being led by fate, we have renounced its lawgivers. Tell me, by God: Triptolemus sowed the wheat, and after the mourning he benefits the Athenians? And why did Demeter not become a benefactor of men when her daughter had not been lost? The dog of Erigone is shown in heaven, and the Scorpion, Artemis' helper, and Chiron the Centaur, and the half-cut Argo, and Callisto's Bear. Then how, before these took part in the deeds already mentioned, was the sky unadorned? And to whom will it not seem laughable that the Triangle is set among the stars, according to some because of Sicily, but according to others as the first letter of the name of Zeus? For why are Sardinia and Cyprus not honoured in heaven too? And for what reason were the letter-shapes of Zeus' brothers too, who divided the kingdoms between them, not fixed [in the sky]? And how is Cronus, who was put in fetters and cast out of his kingdom, appointed steward of fate? And how does one who no longer reigns give kingdoms? Throw down this nonsense, then, and do not act lawlessly through hating us unjustly.

Περὶ γὰρ τῶν κατὰ τὸν Δημόκριτον συμπαθειῶν τε καὶ ἀντιπαθειῶν τί καὶ λέγειν ἔχομεν, ἢ τοῦθ᾿ ὅτι κατὰ τὸν κοινὸν λόγον ἀβδηρολόγος ἐστὶν ὁ ἀπὸ τῶν Ἀβδήρων ἄνθρωπος; Ὥσπερ δὲ ὁ τῇ πόλει τῆς προσηγορίας αἴτιος, φίλος ὢν Ἡρακλέους ὥς φασιν, ὑπὸ τῶν Διομήδους ἵππων κατεβρώθη, τρόπῳ τῷ αὐτῷ καὶ ὁ τὸν μάγον Ὀστάνην καυχώμενος ἐν ἡμέρᾳ συντελείας πυρὸς αἰωνίου βορᾷ παραδοθήσεται. Καὶ ὑμεῖς δέ, τοῦ γέλωτος ἢν μὴ ἀποπαύσησθε, τῶν αὐτῶν ὧνπερ καὶ οἱ γόητες τιμωριῶν ἀπολαύσετε. Διόπερ, ὦ Ἕλληνες, κεκραγότος ὥσπερ ἀπὸ τοῦ μετεώρου κατακούσατέ μου, μηδὲ ἐπιτωθάζοντες τὴν ὑμετέραν ἀλογιστίαν ἐπὶ τὸν κήρυκα τῆς ἀληθείας μετάγετε. Πάθος οὐκ ἔστι δι᾿ ἀντιπαθείας ἀπολλύμενον, οὐδὲ ὁ μεμηνὼς σκυτίδων ἐξαρτήμασι θεραπεύεται. Δαιμόνων εἰσὶν ἐπιφοιτήσεις· καὶ ὁ νοσῶν καὶ ὁ λέγων ἐρᾶν, καὶ ὁ μισῶν καὶ ὁ βουλόμενος ἀμύνεσθαι, τούτους λαμβάνουσι βοηθούς. Τρόπος δὲ αὐτοῖς τῆς μηχανῆς οὗτος.Ὥσπερ γὰρ οἱ τῶν γραμμάτων χαρακτῆρες, στίχοι τε οἱ ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν, οὐ καθ᾿ ἑαυτούς εἰσι δυνατοὶ σημαίνειν τὸ συνταττόμενον, σημεῖα δὲ τῶν ἐννοιῶν σφίσιν ἄνθρωποι δεδημιουργήκασι, παρὰ τὴν ποιὰν αὐτῶν σύνθεσιν γινώσκοντες ὅπως καὶ ἡ τάξις τῶν γραμμάτων ἔχειν νενομοθέτηται, παραπλησίως καὶ τῶν ῥιζῶν αἱ ποικιλίαι, νευρῶν τε καὶ ὀστέων παραλήψεις, οὐκ αὐταὶ καθ᾿ ἑαυτὰς δραστικαί τινές εἰσι, στοιχείωσις δέ ἐστι τῆς τῶν δαιμόνων μοχθηρίας, οἳ πρὸς ἅπερ ἕκαστον αὐτῶν ἰσχύει ὡρίκασιν. Ἐπεὶ δ᾿ ἂν παρειλημμένην ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων θεάσωνται τὴν δι᾿ αὐτῶν ὑπηρεσίαν, λαμβάνοντες σφίσιν αὐτοῖς δουλεύειν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἀπεργάζονται. Πῶς δ᾿ ἂν ἀγαθὸν μοιχείαις ὑπηρετεῖν; Πῶς δὲ καὶ σπουδαῖον πρὸς τὸ μισεῖν τινας παριόντας βοηθεῖν; Ἢ πῶς ὕλῃ καλὸν προσανάπτειν τὴν εἰς τοὺς μεμηνότας βοήθειαν καὶ μὴ τῷ θεῷ; Τέχνῃ γὰρ τῆς θεοσεβείας τοὺς ἀνθρώπους παρατρέπουσιν, πόαις αὐτοὺς καὶ ῥίζαις πείθεσθαι παρασκευάζοντες. Ὁ δὲ θεός, εἴπερ αὐτὰ πρὸς τὸ ποιεῖν ἅπερ οἱ ἄνθρωποι βούλονται κατεσκευάκει, πονηρῶν ἂν ἦν πραγμάτων δημιουργός· ἐπεὶ αὐτὸς μὲν πᾶν τὸ εὖ πως ἔχον ἐδημιούργησεν, ἡ δὲ τῶν δαιμόνων ἀσωτία τοῖς ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ πρὸς τὸ κακοποιεῖν ἐχρήσατο, καὶ τούτων ἐστὶ τῆς κακίας εἶδος καὶ οὐχὶ τοῦ τελείου.Πῶς γὰρ ζῶν μὲν ἥκιστα μοχθηρὸς εἴην, νεκροῦ δὲ ὄντος μου λείψανον τὸ ἐν ἐμοί, μηδὲν ἐμοῦ πράττοντος, τὸ μήτε κινούμενον ἀλλὰ μήτε αἰσθανόμενον, αἰσθητόν τι ἀπεργάσεται; Πῶς δὲ ὁ τεθνεὼς οἰκτίστῳ θανάτῳ δυνήσεται πρὸς τιμωρίαν τινὸς ἐξυπηρετῆσαι; Τοῦτο γὰρ εἰ οὕτως εἴη, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἀφ᾿ ἑαυτοῦ τὸν οἰκεῖον ἐχθρὸν ἀμύνηται· δυνάμενος γὰρ καὶ ἄλλοις βοηθεῖν ἔκδικος πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἑαυτοῦ καταστήσεται.

For about the sympathies and antipathies of Democritus, what can we even say, except this: that, as the common saying goes, the man from Abdera talks like an Abderite? And just as the one who gave the city its name, being a friend of Heracles, as they say, was devoured by the horses of Diomedes, in the same way he who boasts of the magus Ostanes will, on the day of consummation, be handed over as food for eternal fire. And you too, unless you stop your laughing, will enjoy the same punishments as the sorcerers. Therefore, Greeks, listen to me as I cry out as if from on high, and do not, in your mockery, shift your own unreason onto the herald of the truth. A disease is not destroyed through antipathy, nor is a madman cured by little leather pouches hung on him. These are visitations of demons; and the sick man and the one who says he is in love, the one who hates and the one who wants revenge, take these as helpers. And this is the manner of their contrivance. For just as the shapes of letters, and the lines made from them, cannot of themselves signify what is put together, but men have fashioned them for themselves as signs of their thoughts, knowing from their particular combination how the order of the letters too has been laid down, in the same way the varieties of roots and the use of sinews and bones are not effective of themselves, but are the alphabet of the wickedness of the demons, who have fixed what each of them is to have force for. And when they see that the service done through these things has been taken up by men, they lay hold of men and make them their slaves. How can it be good to serve adulteries? And how is it worthy to come forward and help toward hating certain people? Or how is it right to attach to matter, and not to God, the help given to the mad? For by craft they turn men aside from the worship of God, preparing them to trust in herbs and roots. But God, if he had made these things to do what men wish, would be a maker of evil things; whereas he himself made everything that is in any way good, but the profligacy of the demons has used the things in the world for doing harm, and the form of the evil is theirs and not the perfect one's. For how, if while living I am not in the least wicked, will the remains in me when I am dead, when I do nothing, remains that neither move nor even perceive, accomplish anything perceptible? And how will one who has died a most pitiable death be able to serve for anyone's vengeance? For if this were so, much rather would he avenge himself by himself on his own enemy; for if he is able to help others, much more will he become his own avenger.

Φαρμακεία δὲ καὶ πᾶν τὸ ἐν αὐτῇ εἶδος τῆς αὐτῆς ἐστιν ἐπιτεχνήσεως. Εἰ γάρ τις ὑπὸ τῆς ὕλης θεραπεύεται, πιστεύων αὐτῇ, θεραπευθήσεται μᾶλλον αὐτὸς δυνάμει θεοῦ προσανέχων. Ὥσπερ γὰρ τὰ δηλητήρια συνθέσεις εἰσὶν ὑλικαί, τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ τὰ ἰώμενα τῆς αὐτῆς ὑποστάσεως ἐστίν. Εἰ δὲ τὴν φαυλοτέραν ὕλην παραιτούμεθα, πολλάκις καὶ διὰ τῆς ἐφ᾿ ἕτερον τῶν κακῶν τινος ἐπιπλοκῆς ἰάσασθαί τινες ἐπιτηδεύουσι, καὶ τοῖς κακοῖς ἂν πρὸς τὸ ἀγαθὸν καταχρήσονται. Καθάπερ δὲ τῷ λῃστεύοντι συνδειπνήσας, κἂν μὴ λῃστὴς αὐτὸς ᾖ, ἀλλ᾿ ὅμως διὰ τὸ συνεστιαθῆναι τιμωρίας μεταλαμβάνει, τρόπῳ τῷ αὐτῷ ὁ μὴ κακός, τῷ δὲ φαύλῳ ἀναμιγείς, πρὸς τὸ νομιζόμενον καλὸν συγχρησάμενος, διὰ τὴν εἰς αὐτὸ κοινωνίαν ὑπὸ τοῦ κρίνοντος θεοῦ κολασθήσεται.Διὰ τί γὰρ ὁ πιστεύων ὕλης οἰκονομίᾳ πιστεύειν οὐ βούλεται τῷ θεῷ; Τίνος δὲ χάριν οὐ τῷ δυνατωτέρῳ προσέρχῃ δεσπότῃ, θεραπεύεις δὲ μᾶλλον αὐτὸν ὥσπερ ὁ μὲν κύων διὰ πόας, ὁ δὲ ἔλαφος δι᾿ ἐχίδνης, ὁ δὲ σῦς διὰ τῶν ἐν ποταμοῖς καρκίνων, ὁ δὲ λέων διὰ τῶν πιθήκων; Τί δέ μοι θεοποιεῖς τὰ ἐν κόσμῳ; Τί δὲ θεραπεύων τὸν πλησίον εὐεργέτης ἀποκαλῇ; Λόγου δυνάμει κατακολούθησον. Οὐ θεραπεύουσι δαίμονες, τέχνῃ δὲ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους αἰχμαλωτεύουσι· καὶ ὁ θαυμασιώτατος Ἰουστῖνος ὀρθῶς ἐξεφώνησεν ἐοικέναι τοὺς προειρημένους λῃσταῖς. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐκείνοις ἔθος ἐστὶ ζωχρεῖν τινας, εἶτα τοὺς αὐτοὺς μισθοῦ τοῖς οἰκείοις ἀποκαθιστᾶν, οὕτω καὶ οἱ νομιζόμενοι θεοὶ τοῖς τινων ἐπιφοιτῶντες μέλεσιν, ἔπειτα δι᾿ ὀνείρων τὴν εἰς αὐτοὺς πραγματευόμενοι δόξαν, δημοσίᾳ τε τοὺς τοιούτους προϊέναι κελεύσαντες, πάντων ὁρώντων, ἐπειδὰν τῶν ἐγκοσμίων ἀπολαύσωσιν, ἀποπτάμενοι τῶν καμνόντων, ἣν ἐπραγματεύσαντο νόσον περιγράφοντες, τοὺς ἀνθρώπους εἰς τὸ ἀρχαῖον· ἀποκαθιστῶσιν.

The use of drugs, too, and every form of it, is of the same contrivance. For if someone is healed by matter, trusting in it, he will much rather be healed if he himself relies on the power of God. For just as poisons are material compounds, in the same way remedies too are of the same substance. But if we reject the baser matter, some often try to heal even by intertwining one evil thing with another, and so they would use evil things for the good. And just as one who has dined with a robber, even if he is not himself a robber, nevertheless shares in the punishment because he feasted with him, in the same way the one who is not evil, but has mixed with what is bad and made use of it for what is thought good, will be punished by God the judge for his partnership in it. For why does one who trusts in the dispensation of matter not want to trust in God? And for what reason do you not approach the more powerful Lord, but rather heal yourself as the dog does with grass, the deer with a viper, the pig with river crabs, the lion with monkeys? Why do you make gods of the things in the world? And why, when you heal your neighbour, are you called a benefactor? Follow the power of the Word. Demons do not heal, but by craft they take men captive; and the most admirable Justin rightly declared that the aforesaid are like robbers. For just as it is their custom to take some people alive and then return the same people to their families for a ransom, so too those who are reputed to be gods, visiting the limbs of certain people, and then contriving glory for themselves through dreams, and ordering such people to come forth in public with everyone watching, when they have had their enjoyment of the things of this world, fly away from the sufferers and, putting an end to the disease they had contrived, restore the people to their former state.