Heliodorus of Emesa, Aethiopica

ἐπεὶ δὲ παρεγενόμεθα οὗ κατήγετο, καταλαμβάνομεν εἰσελθόντες ἐπὶ τῆς εὐνῆς ἀλύουσαν καὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῷ ἔρωτι διαβρόχους. κἀπειδὴ τὸν πατέρα τὰ εἰωθότα περιεπτύξατο, πυνθανομένῳ τι πεπόνθοι, τῆς κεφαλῆς ἄλγημα διοχλεῖν ἔλεγεν, ἡδέως τε ἂν ἠρεμεῖν, εἴ τις ἐπιτρέποι. πρὸς ταῦτα διαταραχθεὶς ὁ Χαρικλῆς ὑπεξῄει τε τοῦ θαλάμου σὺν ἡμῖν, ἡσυχίαν ταῖς θεραπαίναις ἐπιτάξας, προελθών τε τῆς οἰκίας, τί ἄρα τοῦτο, ἔλεγεν, ὦ ʼγαθὲ Καλάσιρι; τίς ἡ προσπεσοῦσα τῷ θυγατρίῳ μαλακία; μὴ θαύμαζε, εἶπον, εἰ τοσούτοις ἐμπομπεύσασα δήμοις ὀφθαλμόν τινα βάσκανον ἐπεσπάσατο. γελάσας οὖν εἰρωνικόν, καὶ σὺ γάρ, εἶπεν, ὡς ὁ πολὺς ὄχλος, εἶναί τινα βασκανίαν ἐπίστευσας; εἴπερ τι καὶ ἄλλο τῶν ἀληθῶν, ἔφην. ἔχει γὰρ οὕτως. ὁ περικεχυμένος ἡμῖν οὗτος ἀὴρ δἰ ὀφθαλμῶν τε καὶ ῥινῶν καὶ ἄσθματος καὶ τῶν ἄλλων πόρων εἰς τὰ βάθη διικνούμενος, καὶ τῶν ἔξωθεν ποιοτήτων συνεισφερόμενος, οἷος ἂν εἰσρεύσῃ, τοιοῦτο καὶ τοῖς δεξαμένοις πάθος ἐγκατέσπειρεν, ὥστε ὁπόταν σὺν φθόνῳ τις ἴδῃ τὰ καλά, τὸ περιέχον τε δυσμενοῦς ποιότητος ἐνέπλησε καὶ τὸ παῤ ἑαυτοῦ πνεῦμα πικρίας ἀνάμεστον εἰς τὸν πλησίον διερρίπισε. τὸ δέ, ἅτε λεπτομερές, ἄχρις ἐπ’ ὀστέα καὶ μυελοὺς αὐτοὺς εἰσδύεται: καὶ νόσος ἐγένετο πολλοῖς ὁ φθόνος, οἰκεῖον ὄνομα βασκανίαν ἐπιδεξάμενος. ἤδη δὲ κἀκεῖνα σκόπησον, ὦ Χαρίκλεις, ὅσοι μὲν ὀφθαλμίας ὅσοι δὲ τῆς ἐκ λοιμῶν καταστάσεως ἀνεπλήσθησαν, θιγόντες μὲν οὐδαμῶς τῶν καμνόντων, ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ εὐνῆς, ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ τραπέζης τῆς αὐτῆς μετασχόντες, ἀέρος δὲ μόνου ταὐτοῦ κοινωνήσαντες. τεκμηριούτω δέ σοι τὸν λόγον, εἴπερ ἄλλο τι, καὶ ἡ τῶν ἐρώτων γένεσις, οἷς τὰ ὁρώμενα τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐνδίδωσι, καὶ οἷον ὑπήνεμα διὰ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τὰ πάθη ταῖς ψυχαῖς εἰστοξεύονται. καὶ μάλα γε εἰκότως: τῶν γὰρ ἐν ἡμῖν πόρων τε καὶ αἰσθήσεων πολυκίνητόν τε καὶ θερμότατον οὖσα ἡ ὄψις δεκτικωτέρα πρὸς τὰς ἀπορροίας γίνεται, τῷ κατ’ αὐτὴν ἐμπύρῳ πνεύματι τὰς μεταβάσεις τῶν ἐρώτων

When we arrived where she was lodging, we went in and found her tossing restlessly on her bed, her eyes drenched with love. When she had embraced her father in the usual way and he asked what was wrong, she said a headache was troubling her and she would gladly rest if she were allowed. Alarmed at this, Charicles slipped out of the room with me, ordering the maids to keep quiet, and when he had come out in front of the house he said, “What is this, my good Calasiris? What is this sickness that has come upon my little daughter?” “Do not be surprised,” I said, “if, after parading in procession before so many people, she has drawn some evil eye upon herself.” He gave an ironic laugh and said, “What, do you too, like the common crowd, believe there is such a thing as the evil eye?” “As much as anything else that is true,” I said. “It works like this. This air that surrounds us, passing deep inside through the eyes and the nostrils and the breath and the other passages, and carrying in with it the qualities from outside, sows in those who receive it an affection of the same kind as itself as it flows in; so that whenever someone looks on what is beautiful with envy, he fills the surrounding air with a hostile quality and blows his own breath, full of bitterness, onto the person near him. And this, being made of fine particles, penetrates right into the very bones and marrow; and envy has become a sickness for many, taking on its own name, the evil eye. Consider this too, Charicles: how many people have been infected with eye disease, how many with the conditions that come from plagues, without ever touching the sick, nor sharing the same bed or the same table, but only sharing the same air. Let the birth of love, too, prove the argument to you, if anything does: love, whose beginning is given by things seen, and whose passions are shot into souls through the eyes as if carried on the wind. And with good reason: for of the passages and senses in us, sight, being the most mobile and the hottest, is the most receptive to emanations, and with the fiery spirit that belongs to it, the passing-over of love

οὔπω δὲ ἡμέρας ἀκριβῶς ὑποφαινούσης ἐψόφει τε ἡ μέταυλος, καί τινος ᾐσθόμην καλοῦντος παιδίον. ἐρομένου δὲ τοῦ ὑπηρέτου τίς ὁ κόπτων τὴν θύραν ἢ κατὰ ποίαν τὴν χρείαν, ἀπάγγελλε, εἶπεν ὁ καλῶν, ὅτι Θεαγένης ὁ Θετταλός. ἥσθην ἀπαγγελθέντα μοι τὸν νεανίαν, καὶ εἰσκαλεῖν ἐκέλευον, ἐνδιδόναι μοι ταὐτόματον ἀρχὴν τῶν ἐν χερσὶ βουλῶν ἡγησάμενος. ἐτεκμαιρόμην γὰρ ὅτι με παρὰ τὸ συμπόσιον Αἰγύπτιον καὶ προφήτην ἀκηκοὼς ἥκει συνεργὸν πρὸς τὸν ἔρωτα ληψόμενος, πάσχων, οἶμαι, τὸ τῶν πολλῶν πάθος, οἳ τὴν Αἰγυπτίων σοφίαν μίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν ἠπάτηνται, κακῶς εἰδότες. ἣ μὲν γάρ τις ἐστὶ δημώδης, καὶ ὡς ἄν τις εἴποι, χαμαὶ ἐρχομένη, εἰδώλων θεράπαινα καὶ περὶ σώματα νεκρῶν εἰλουμένη, βοτάναις προστετηκυῖα καὶ ἐπῳδαῖς ἐπανέχουσα, πρὸς οὐδὲν ἀγαθὸν τέλος οὔτε αὐτὴ προσιοῦσα οὔτε τοὺς χρωμένους φέρουσα, ἀλλ’ αὐτὴ περὶ αὑτὴν τὰ πολλὰ πταίουσα, λυπρὰ δέ τινα καὶ γλίσχρα ἔστιν ὅτε κατορθοῦσα, φαντασίας τῶν μὴ ὄντων ὡς ὄντων καὶ ἀποτυχίας τῶν ἐλπιζομένων, πράξεων ἀθεμίτων εὑρετὶς καὶ ἡδονῶν ἀκολάστων ὑπηρέτις. ἡ δὲ ἑτέρα, τέκνον, ἡ ἀληθῶς σοφία, ἧς αὕτη παρωνύμως ἐνοθεύθη, ἣν ἱερεῖς καὶ προφητικὸν γένος ἐκ νέων ἀσκοῦμεν, ἄνω πρὸς τὰ οὐράνια βλέπει, θεῶν συνόμιλος καὶ φύσεως κρειττόνων μέτοχος, ἄστρων κίνησιν ἐρευνῶσα καὶ μελλόντων πρόγνωσιν κερδαίνουσα, τῶν μὲν γηίνων τούτων κακῶν ἀποστατοῦσα, πάντα δὲ πρὸς τὸ καλὸν καὶ ὅ τι ὠφέλιμον ἀνθρώποις ἐπιτηδεύουσα. δἰ ἣν κἀγὼ τῆς ἐνεγκούσης εἰς καιρὸν ἐξέστην, εἴ πῃ, καθὼς καὶ πρότερόν σοι διῆλθον, τὰ προρρηθέντα μοι παῤ αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν τῶν ἐμῶν παίδων κατ’ ἀλλήλων πόλεμον περιγράψαιμι. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν θεοῖς τε τοῖς ἄλλοις καὶ μοίραις ἐπιτετράφθω, οἳ τοῦ ποιεῖν τε καὶ μὴ τὸ κράτος ἔχουσιν: οἳ καὶ τὴν φυγήν μοι τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἐνεγκούσης οὐ διὰ ταῦτα πλέον, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἢ τὴν Χαρικλείας εὕρεσιν ἐπέβαλον.

Day had not yet properly begun to break when there was a knocking at the inner door, and I heard someone calling the servant boy. When the servant asked who was knocking at the door, or on what business, the caller said, “Announce that it is Theagenes the Thessalian.” I was glad when the young man was announced to me, and told them to call him in, thinking that chance itself was giving me a starting point for the plans I had in hand. For I guessed that, having heard at the banquet that I was an Egyptian and a prophet, he had come to take me on as a helper in his love, suffering, I suppose, from the error of the many, who are deceived into thinking that the wisdom of the Egyptians is one and the same, because they know it badly. For one kind is common and, as one might say, goes along the ground; it is the handmaid of phantoms and grovels about the bodies of the dead; it pores over herbs and relies on incantations; it neither comes itself to any good end nor brings those who use it to one, but mostly trips itself up, and now and then achieves some paltry and meagre successes: illusions of things that are not as though they were, and disappointments of what was hoped for; it is the inventor of unlawful deeds and the servant of licentious pleasures. The other, my son, the true wisdom, of which that first one is a bastard that has borrowed its name, which we priests and the prophetic caste practise from our youth, looks upward to the heavens; it keeps company with the gods and shares in the nature of the higher beings; it investigates the motion of the stars and gains foreknowledge of the future; it stands aloof from these earthly evils, and pursues all things toward what is noble and useful to men. It was because of this wisdom that I too left my homeland for a time, in case I might somehow, as I told you before, escape what it had foretold me, the war of my sons against each other. But let these matters be left to the gods, and to the Fates as well, who have the power to make things happen or not; who, it seems, laid on me my exile from my homeland not so much for these reasons as for the finding of Charicleia.

ταῦτα εἰπούσης ὁ Καλάσιρις ἅπαντα πρὸς τὴν Χαρίκλειαν φράσας καὶ παραλαβὼν μεθίστατο. καὶ μικρὸν ὅσον τοὺς κειμένους ὑπερβάντες βουνῷ τινὶ χαμαιζήλῳ προστυγχάνουσι. κἀνταῦθα ὃ μὲν κατέκλινεν ἑαυτόν, τῇ κεφαλῇ τὴν φαρέτραν ὑποθέμενος, ἡ Χαρίκλεια δὲ καθῆστο, τὴν πήραν εἰς καθέδραν ποιησαμένη. ἄρτι δὲ τῆς σεληναίας ἀνισχούσης καὶ φωτὶ λαμπρῷ τὰ πάντα καταυγαζούσης ʽτρίτη γὰρ μετὰ πανσέληνον ἐτύγχανεν̓ ὁ μὲν Καλάσιρις, οἷα δὴ πρεσβυτικός τε ἄλλως καὶ πρὸς τῆς ὁδοιπορίας κεκοπωμένος, ὕπνῳ κατείχετο, ἡ Χαρίκλεια δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν συνεχόντων φροντισμάτων διαγρυπνοῦσα σκηνῆς τινὸς οὐκ εὐαγοῦς μέν, ταῖς δὲ Αἰγυπτίαις ἐπιχωριαζούσης θεωρὸς ἐγίνετο. ἡ γὰρ πρεσβῦτις ἀνενοχλήτου καὶ ἀκατόπτου σχολῆς ἐπειλῆφθαι νομίσασα πρῶτα μὲν βόθρον ὠρύξατο, ἔπειτα πυρκαϊὰν ἐκ θατέρου μέρους ἐξῆψε. καὶ μέσον ἀμφοῖν τὸν νεκρὸν τοῦ παιδὸς προθεμένη, κρατῆρα τε ὀστρακοῦν ἔκ τινος παρακειμένου τρίποδος ἀνελομένη, μέλιτος ἐπέχει τῷ βόθρῳ, καὶ αὖθις ἐξ ἑτέρου γάλακτος, καὶ οἴνου ἐκ τρίτου ἐπέσπενδεν. εἶτα πέμμα στεάτινον εἰς ἀνδρὸς μίμημα πεπλασμένον δάφνῃ καὶ μαράθρῳ καταστέψασα εἰς τὸν βόθρον ἐνέβαλεν. ἐφ̓ ἅπασι δὲ ξίφος ἀνελομένη καὶ πρὸς τὸ ἐνθουσιῶδες σοβηθεῖσα, καὶ πολλὰ πρὸς τὴν σεληναίαν βαρβάροις τε καὶ ξενίζουσι τὴν ἀκοὴν ὀνόμασι κατευξαμένη, τὸν βραχίονα ἐντεμοῦσα καὶ δάφνης ἀκρέμονι τοῦ αἵματος ἀποψήσασα τὴν πυρκαϊὰν ἐπεψέκαζεν. ἄλλα τε ἄττα τερατευσαμένη πρὸς τούτοις, ἐπὶ τὸν νεκρὸν τοῦ παιδὸς προκύψασα καί τινα πρὸς τὸ οὖς ἐπᾴδουσα ἐξήγειρέ τε καὶ ὀρθὸν ἑστάναι τῇ μαγγανείᾳ κατηνάγκαζεν. ἡ Χαρίκλεια δὴ οὖν οὐδὲ τὰ πρῶτα ἀδεῶς κατοπτεύουσα, τότε δὴ καὶ ὑπέφριττε, καὶ πρὸς τῶν γινομένων ἀήθων ἐκδειματωθεῖσα τὸν Καλάσιριν ἀφύπνιζέ τε καὶ θεατὴν γενέσθαι τῶν δρωμένων παρεσκεύαζεν. αὐτοὶ μὲν οὖν, ἅτε ἐν σκότῳ διάγοντες, οὐχ ἑωρῶντο, κατώπτευον δὲ τὰ ἐν τῷ φωτὶ καὶ πρὸς τῇ πυρκαϊᾷ ῥᾷον, καὶ τῶν λεγομένων οὐ πόρρωθεν ὄντες ἐπηκροῶντο, τῆς γραὸς ἤδη καὶ γεγωνότερον ἐκπυνθανομένης παρὰ τοῦ νεκροῦ. καὶ ἦν ἡ πεῦσις, εἴπερ ὁ ἀδελφὸς μὲν ὁ ἐκείνου παῖς δὲ αὐτῆς ὁ λειπόμενος ἐπανήξει περισωθείς. ὃ δὲ ἀπεκρίνατο μὲν οὐδέν, ἐπινεύσας δὲ μόνον, καὶ τῇ μητρὶ τὰ κατὰ γνώμην ἐλπίζειν ἀμφιβόλως ἐνδούς, κατηνέχθη τε ἀθρόον καὶ ἔκειτο ἐπὶ πρόσωπον. ἣ δὲ ἐπέστρεφέ τε τὸ σῶμα πρὸς τὸ ὕπτιον, καὶ οὐκ ἀνίει τὴν πεῦσιν, ἀλλὰ βιαιοτέραις, ὡς ἐῴκει, ταῖς κατανάγκαις πολλὰ τοῖς ὠσὶν αὖθις ἐπᾴδουσα, καὶ μεθαλλομένη ξιφήρης ἄρτι μὲν πρὸς τὴν πυρκαϊὰν ἄρτι δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν βόθρον, ἐξήγειρέ τε αὖθις καὶ ὀρθωθέντος περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν ἐξεπυνθάνετο, μὴ νεύμασι μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ φωνῇ τὴν μαντείαν ἀρισήμως δηλοῦν ἐπαναγκάζουσα. καὶ τῆς πρεσβύτιδος ἐν τούτοις οὔσης, ἡ Χαρίκλεια πολλὰ τὸν Καλάσιριν καθικέτευε τοῖς γινομένοις πλησιάσαντας πυνθάνεσθαί τι καὶ αὐτοὺς περὶ τοῦ Θεαγένους. ὃ δὲ παρῃτεῖτο, φάσκων καὶ τὴν θέαν οὐκ εὐαγῆ μέν, κατ’ ἀνάγκην δ’ οὖν ὅμως γινομένην ἀνέχεσθαι: εἶναι γὰρ οὐ προφητικὸν οὔτε ἐπιχειρεῖν οὔτε παρεῖναι ταῖς τοιαῖσδε πράξεσιν, ἀλλὰ τὸ μαντικὸν τούτοις μὲν ἐκ θυσιῶν ἐννόμων καὶ εὐχῶν καθαρῶν παραγίνεσθαι, τοῖς δὲ βεβήλοις καὶ περὶ γῆν τῷ ὄντι καὶ σώματα νεκρῶν εἰλουμένοις οὕτως ὡς τὴν Αἰγυπτίαν ὁρᾶν ἡ τοῦ καιροῦ περίπτωσις ἐνδέδωκε.

When she had said this, Calasiris explained everything to Charicleia and, taking her with him, moved away. After going a little way beyond the bodies lying there, they came upon a low mound. There he lay down, putting the quiver under his head, while Charicleia sat, using the bag as a seat. The moon was just rising and lighting up everything with a bright light (for it happened to be the third day after the full moon); and Calasiris, being an old man in any case and worn out by the journey, was overcome by sleep, but Charicleia, kept awake by the cares that beset her, became the spectator of a scene that was unholy, though customary among Egyptian women. For the old woman, thinking she had got a time free of disturbance and unobserved, first dug a pit, and then lit a pyre on one side of it. Laying out the body of her son between the two, she took up an earthenware bowl from a tripod standing nearby and poured honey into the pit, then milk from another, and from a third she poured a libation of wine. Then she took a cake made with suet, moulded in the likeness of a man, crowned it with laurel and fennel, and threw it into the pit. After all this she took up a sword and, whirling herself into a frenzy of possession, prayed at length to the moon with barbarous names strange to the ear; then she gashed her arm, wiped off some of the blood with a sprig of laurel, and sprinkled it on the pyre. And after performing other prodigies besides, she bent over her son's corpse and, chanting something into his ear, roused him and by her sorcery forced him to stand upright. Charicleia, who had not watched even the first part without fear, now shuddered, and terrified by these unaccustomed happenings she woke Calasiris and made him a spectator of what was being done. Being in the dark, they themselves were not seen, but they could more easily watch what went on in the light by the pyre, and since they were not far off they could hear what was said, for the old woman was now questioning the corpse in a louder voice. Her question was whether his brother, her surviving son, would come back home safe. He answered nothing, but only nodded, ambiguously letting his mother hope for what she wished; then he suddenly collapsed and lay face down. She turned the body over on its back and would not give up her questioning, but with more violent compulsions, as it seemed, chanting much into his ears again, and leaping sword in hand now to the pyre, now to the pit, she roused him once more, and when he stood up she questioned him on the same matters, forcing him to make the prophecy clear not by nods alone but by voice as well. While the old woman was so occupied, Charicleia earnestly begged Calasiris that they too should go near what was happening and ask something about Theagenes. But he refused, saying that even watching was unholy, though he put up with it because it was forced on them; for it was not fitting for a prophet either to undertake such acts or to be present at them; rather, for prophets the gift of divination came from lawful sacrifices and pure prayers, but for the profane, who truly grovel about the earth and the bodies of the dead, in the way the chance of the moment had allowed them to see the Egyptian woman doing.