Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates Romanae

μετὰ δὲ οὐ πολὺν χρόνον στόλος ἄλλος Ἑλληνικὸς εἰς ταῦτα τὰ χωρία τῆς Ἰταλίας κατάγεται, ἑξηκοστῷ μάλιστα ἔτει πρότερον τῶν Τρωικῶν, ὡς αὐτοὶ Ῥωμαῖοι λέγουσιν, ἐκ Παλλαντίου πόλεως Ἀρκαδικῆς ἀναστάς. ἡγεῖτο δὲ τῆς ἀποικίας Εὔανδρος Ἑρμοῦ λεγόμενος καὶ νύμφης τινὸς Ἀρκάσιν ἐπιχωρίας, ἣν οἱ μὲν Ἕλληνες Θέμιν εἶναι λέγουσι καὶ θεοφόρητον ἀποφαίνουσιν, οἱ δὲ τὰς Ῥωμαϊκὰς συγγράψαντες ἀρχαιολογίας τῇ πατρίῳ γλώσσῃ Καρμέντην ὀνομάζουσιν· εἴη δʼ ἂν Ἑλλάδι φωνῇ Θεσπιῳδὸς τῇ νύμφῃ τοὔνομα· τὰς μὲν γὰρ ᾠδὰς καλοῦσι Ῥωμαῖοι κάρμινα, τὴν δὲ γυναῖκα ταύτην ὁμολογοῦσι δαιμονίῳ πνεύματι κατάσχετον γενομένην τὰ μέλλοντα συμβαίνειν τῷ πλήθει διʼ ᾠδῆς προλέγειν.

Not long afterwards another Greek expedition put in to these parts of Italy, about the sixtieth year before the Trojan War, as the Romans themselves say, having set out from Pallantium, a city of Arcadia. The colony was led by Evander, said to be [the son] of Hermes and of a nymph native to the Arcadians, whom the Greeks say was Themis and represent as divinely inspired, while those who have written the Roman antiquities call her in their native tongue Carmenta; in the Greek language the nymph's name would be Thespiōdos [oracle-singer]; for the Romans call songs carmina, and they agree that this woman, being possessed by a divine spirit, used to foretell in song to the people what was going to happen.

ὁ δὲ στόλος οὗτος οὐκ ἀπὸ τοῦ κοινοῦ τῆς γνώμης ἐπέμφθη, ἀλλὰ στασιάσαντος τοῦ δήμου τὸ ἐλαττωθὲν μέρος ἑκούσιον ὑπεξῆλθεν. ἐτύγχανε δὲ τότε τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν Ἀβοριγίνων παρειληφὼς Φαῦνος, Ἄρεος ὥς φασιν ἀπόγονος, ἀνὴρ μετὰ τοῦ δραστηρίου καὶ συνετὸς, καὶ αὐτὸν ὡς τῶν ἐπιχωρίων τινὰ Ῥωμαῖοι δαιμόνων θυσίαις καὶ ᾠδαῖς γεραίρουσιν. οὗτος ὁ ἀνὴρ δεξάμενος κατὰ πολλὴν φιλότητα τοὺς Ἀρκάδας ὀλίγους ὄντας, δίδωσιν αὐτοῖς τῆς αὑτοῦ χώρας ὁπόσην ἐβούλοντο.

This expedition was not sent out by common resolution; rather, when the people fell into faction, the defeated party withdrew of its own accord. At that time it happened that Faunus had succeeded to the kingship of the Aborigines, a descendant of Ares, as they say, a man both energetic and shrewd, whom the Romans honour as one of their local divinities with sacrifices and songs. This man received the Arcadians, who were few, with great friendliness, and gave them as much of his own land as they wanted.

οὐδὲν οἶδα τούτων γινόμενον. οἱ δʼ οὖν Ἀρκάδες ὑπὸ τῷ λόφῳ συνοικισθέντες τά τε ἄλλα διεκόσμουν τὸ κτίσμα τοῖς οἴκοθεν νομίμοις χρώμενοι καὶ ἱερὰ ἱδρύονται, πρῶτον μὲν τῷ Λυκαίῳ Πανὶ τῆς Θέμιδος ἐξηγουμένης ʽἈρκάσι γὰρ θεῶν ἀρχαιότατός τε καὶ τιμιώτατος ὁ Πάνʼ χωρίον ἐξευρόντες ἐπιτήδειον, ὃ καλοῦσι Ῥωμαῖοι Λουπερκάλιον, ἡμεῖς δʼ ἂν εἴποιμεν Λύκαιον.

I know of none of these things being done [for him]. The Arcadians, then, having settled together beneath the hill, ordered their settlement in other respects according to the customs of their homeland, and set up shrines, first to Lycaean Pan at the direction of Themis (for to the Arcadians Pan is the most ancient and most honoured of the gods), having found a suitable spot, which the Romans call the Lupercal, but we would call the Lycaeum.

ὀλίγοις δʼ ὕστερον ἔτεσι μετὰ τοὺς Ἀρκάδας ἄλλος εἰς Ἰταλίαν ἀφικνεῖται στόλος Ἑλληνικὸς ἄγοντος Ἡρακλέους, ὃς Ἰβηρίαν καὶ τὰ μέχρι δυσμῶν ἡλίου πάντα χειρωσάμενος ἧκεν. ἐξ ὧν τινες Ἡρακλέα παραιτησάμενοι τῆς πραγματείας ἀφεθῆναι, περὶ ταῦτα τὰ χωρία ὑπέμειναν καὶ πολίζονται λόφον ἐπιτήδειον εὑρόντες, τρισταδίῳ δὲ μάλιστα μήκει τοῦ Παλλαντίου διειργόμενον, ὅς νῦν μὲν Καπιτωλῖνος ὀνομάζεται, ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν τότε ἀνθρώπων Σατόρνιος ἐλέγετο, ὥσπερ ἂν εἴποι τις Ἑλλάδι φωνῇ Κρόνιος.

A few years after the Arcadians another Greek expedition arrived in Italy, led by Heracles, who had come after subduing Iberia and all the lands as far as the setting of the sun. Some of his followers asked Heracles to be released from the campaign, stayed behind in these parts and founded a settlement, having found a suitable hill about three stades distant from Pallantium, which is now called the Capitoline, but by the people of that time was called the Saturnian, as one might say in Greek the Cronian.

ἔστι δέ τις καὶ ἕτερος λόγος ὑπὸ τῶν ἐπιχωρίων μυθολογούμενος, ὡς πρὸ τῆς Διὸς ἀρχῆς ὁ Κρόνος ἐν τῇ γῇ ταύτῃ δυναστεύσειε, καὶ ὁ λεγόμενος ἐπʼ ἐκείνου βίος ἅπασι δαψιλὴς ὁπόσοις ὧραι φύουσιν οὐ παρʼ ἄλλοις μᾶλλον ἢ παρὰ σφίσι γένοιτο.

There is also another story told as myth by the inhabitants, that before the reign of Zeus, Cronus held power in this land, and that the life said [to have been lived] in his time, abundant in everything the seasons bring forth, was found among no others more than among themselves.

τοῦτο δὲ καὶ μέχρις ἐμοῦ ἔτι διετέλουν Ῥωμαῖοι δρῶντες μικρὸν ὕστερον ἐαρινῆς ἰσημερίας ἐν μηνὶ Μαΐῳ ταῖς καλουμέναις εἰδοῖς, διχομηνίδα βουλόμενοι ταύτην εἶναι τὴν ἡμέραν, ἐν ᾗ προθύσαντες ἱερὰ τὰ κατὰ τοὺς νόμους οἱ καλούμενοι Ποντίφικες, ἱερέων οἱ διαφανέστατοι, καὶ σὺν αὐτοῖς αἱ τὸ ἀθάνατον πῦρ διαφυλάττουσαι παρθένοι στρατηγοί τε καὶ τῶν ἄλλων πολιτῶν οὓς παρεῖναι ταῖς ἱερουργίαις θέμις εἴδωλα μορφαῖς ἀνθρώπων εἰκασμένα, τριάκοντα τὸν ἀριθμὸν ἀπὸ τῆς ἱερᾶς γεφύρας βάλλουσιν εἰς τὸ ῥεῦμα τοῦ Τεβέριος, Ἀργείους

This the Romans still continued to do even down to my time, a little after the spring equinox, in the month of May, on the so-called Ides, which they mean to be the middle day of the month; on this day, after first offering the sacrifices prescribed by law, the so-called pontiffs, the most eminent of the priests, and with them the virgins who guard the undying fire, and the praetors, and those of the other citizens for whom it is lawful to attend the rites, throw from the sacred bridge into the stream of the Tiber images made in the likeness of men, thirty in number, Argei

αὐτῶν κατήγορος τῆς κλοπῆς. ὁ μὲν οὖν Κάκος, ἐπειδὴ περιφανὴς ἐγένετο κακουργῶν, τρέπεται πρὸς ἀλκὴν καὶ τοὺς εἰωθότας αὐτῷ συναγραυλεῖν ἀνεκάλει· Ἡρακλῆς δὲ ἀλοιῶν αὐτὸν τῷ ῥοπάλῳ κτείνει, καὶ τὰς βοῦς ἐξαγαγών, ἐπειδὴ κακούργων ὑποδοχαῖς εὔθετον ἑώρα τὸ χωρίον, ἐπικατασκάπτει τῇ καλαύροπι τὸ σπήλαιον. ἁγνίσας δὲ τῷ ποταμῷ τὸν φόνον ἱδρύεται πλησίον τοῦ τόπου Διὸς Εὑρεσίου βωμόν, ὅς ἐστι τῆς Ῥώμης παρὰ τῇ Τριδύμῳ πύλῃ, καὶ θύει τῷ θεῷ δάμαλιν ἕνα τῆς εὑρέσεως τῶν βοῶν χαριστήριον. ταύτην ἔτι καὶ εἰς ἐμὲ τὴν θυσίαν ἡ Ῥωμαίων πόλις συνετέλει, νομίμοις Ἑλληνικοῖς ἅπασιν ἐν αὐτῇ χρωμένη, καθάπερ ἐκεῖνος κατεστήσατο.

of them became the accuser of the theft. So Cacus, when his crime had been exposed, turned to resistance and called on those who used to camp in the fields with him; but Heracles beat him to death with his club, and having driven out the cattle, since he saw that the place was well suited for harbouring evildoers, he pulled the cave down on top of him with his staff. Having cleansed himself of the killing in the river, he set up near the spot an altar of Zeus Heuresios [the Finder], which is in Rome beside the Trigemina Gate, and sacrificed a calf to the god as a thank-offering for the finding of the cattle. This sacrifice the city of the Romans was still performing in my time, observing in it all the Greek customs, just as he established them.

ἐν δὴ τούτοις τοῖς μάχῃ κρατηθεῖσι καὶ τὸν ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων μυθολογούμενον Κάκον, δυνάστην τινὰ κομιδῇ βάρβαρον καὶ ἀνθρώπων ἀνημέρων ἄρχοντα, γενέσθαι φασὶν αὐτῷ διάφορον, ἐρυμνοῖς χωρίοις ἐπικαθήμενον καὶ διὰ ταῦτα τοῖς πλησιοχώροις ὄντα λυπηρόν. ὃς ἐπειδὴ καταστρατοπεδεύσαντα τὸν Ἡρακλέα ἔμαθεν ἐν τῷ προσεχεῖ πεδίῳ, λῃστρικῶς διασκευασάμενος ἐπιδρομῇ αἰφνιδίῳ ἐχρήσατο κατακοιμωμένου τοῦ στρατοῦ καὶ τῆς λείας ὅσῃ ἐπέτυχεν ἀφυλάκτῳ

Among those overcome in battle, they say, was also Cacus, of whom the Romans tell a myth, a chieftain utterly barbarous and ruler of savage men, who became his enemy; he occupied strongholds and was therefore a trouble to his neighbours. When he learned that Heracles had encamped in the plain nearby, he equipped himself like a brigand and made a sudden raid while the army was asleep, and as much of the booty as he came upon unguarded

Ῥότολοί τε γὰρ ἐκ τῶν πόλεων στρατεύουσιν ἅπαντες ἐπʼ αὐτὸν, καὶ σὺν αὐτοῖς βασιλεὺς Τυρρηνῶν Μεσέντιος δείσας περὶ τῆς αὑτοῦ χώρας, ἤδη γὰρ ἐπὶ μέγα χωροῦσαν τὴν Ἑλληνικὴν ὁρῶν δύναμιν ἤχθετο. μάχης δὲ γενομένης καρτερᾶς οὐ πρόσω τοῦ Λαουϊνίου καὶ πολλῶν ἑκατέρωθεν ἀπολομένων τὰ μὲν στρατεύματα νυκτὸς ἐπελθούσης διελύθη, τὸ δὲ Αἰνείου σῶμα φανερὸν οὐδαμῇ γενόμενον οἱ μὲν εἰς θεοὺς μεταστῆναι εἴκαζον, οἱ δʼ ἐν τῷ ποταμῷ, παρʼ ὃν ἡ μάχη ἐγένετο, διαφθαρῆναι.

For the Rutulians marched against him in full force from their cities, and with them Mezentius, king of the Tyrrhenians, fearing for his own land; for he was vexed to see the Greek power already growing great. A fierce battle took place not far from Lavinium, and many fell on both sides; when night came on the armies separated, and since the body of Aeneas was nowhere to be seen, some conjectured that he had passed over to the gods, others that he had perished in the river beside which the battle was fought.

καὶ αὐτῷ κατασκευάζουσιν οἱ Λατῖνοι ἡρῶον ἐπιγραφῇ τοιᾷδε κοσμούμενον· πατρὸς θεοῦ χθονίου, ὃς ποταμοῦ Νομικίου ῥεῦμα διέπει. εἰσὶ δʼ οἳ λέγουσιν ἐπʼ Ἀγχίσῃ κατασκευασθῆναι αὐτὸ ὑπʼ Αἰνείου, ἐνιαυτῷ πρότερον τοῦ πολέμου τούτου τελευτήσαντι. ἔστι δὲ χωμάτιον οὐ μέγα καὶ περὶ αὐτὸ δένδρα στοιχηδὸν πεφυκότα θέας ἄξια.

And the Latins build him a hero-shrine adorned with an inscription such as this: “Of the father, the god of the land, who governs the stream of the river Numicius.” But there are some who say it was built by Aeneas for Anchises, who had died a year before this war. It is a mound, not large, and around it are trees planted in rows, worth seeing.

ἀμφισβητήσεως δὲ πολλῆς οὔσης καὶ περὶ τοῦ χρόνου τῆς κτίσεως καὶ περὶ τῶν οἰκιστῶν τῆς πόλεως οὐδὲ αὐτὸς ᾤμην δεῖν ὥσπερ ὁμολογούμενα πρὸς ἁπάντων ἐξ ἐπιδρομῆς ἐπελθεῖν. Κεφάλων μὲν γὰρ ὁ Γεργίθιος συγγραφεὺς παλαιὸς πάνυ δευτέρᾳ γενεᾷ μετὰ τὸν Ἰλιακὸν πόλεμον ἐκτίσθαι λέγει τὴν πόλιν ὑπὸ τῶν ἐξ Ἰλίου διασωθέντων σὺν Αἰνείᾳ, οἰκιστὴν δὲ αὐτῆς ἀποφαίνει τὸν ἡγησάμενον τῆς ἀποικίας Ῥῶμον, τοῦτον δʼ εἶναι τῶν Αἰνείου παίδων ἕνα· τέτταρας δέ φησιν Αἰνείᾳ γενέσθαι παῖδας, Ἀσκάνιον, Εὐρυλέοντα, Ῥωμύλον, Ῥῶμον. εἴρηται δὲ καὶ Δημαγόρᾳ καὶ Ἀγαθύλλῳ καὶ ἄλλοις συχνοῖς ὅ τε χρόνος καὶ ὁ τῆς ἀποικίας ἡγεμὼν ὁ αὐτός.

But since there is much dispute both about the time of the founding and about the founders of the city, I too did not think I should pass over it cursorily as though everyone agreed on it. For Cephalon of Gergis, a very ancient writer, says that the city was founded in the second generation after the Trojan War by those who had escaped from Ilium with Aeneas, and he declares its founder to be Romus, the leader of the colony, and that this man was one of the sons of Aeneas; he says that Aeneas had four sons, Ascanius, Euryleon, Romulus and Romus. Demagoras too and Agathyllus and many others give the same date and the same leader of the colony.

τετάρτῳ δʼ ὕστερον ἔτει τὴν Ἰλίαν ἐλθοῦσαν εἰς ἱερὸν ἄλσος Ἄρεος ὕδατος ἁγνοῦ κομιδῆς ἕνεκα, ᾧ πρὸς τὰς θυσίας ἔμελλε χρήσασθαι, βιάζεταί τις ἐν τῷ τεμένει. τοῦτον δέ τινες μὲν ἀποφαίνουσι τῶν μνηστήρων ἕνα γενέσθαι τῆς κόρης ἐρῶντα τῆς παιδίσκης, οἱ δὲ αὐτὸν Ἀμόλιον οὐκ ἐπιθυμίας μᾶλλον ἢ ἐπιβουλῆς ἕνεκα φραξάμενόν τε ὅπλοις ὡς ἐκπληκτικώτατος ὀφθήσεσθαι ἔμελλε καὶ τὸ τῆς ὄψεως γνώριμον εἰς ἀσαφὲς ὡς μάλιστα ἐδύνατο καθιστάντα·

In the fourth year after, Ilia went to a sacred grove of Ares to fetch pure water to be used for the sacrifices, and someone ravished her in the precinct. Some declare that he was one of the maiden's suitors, in love with the girl; others, that it was Amulius himself, acting not so much from desire as from design, armed in such a way that he would appear most terrifying, and making his appearance as hard to recognise as he could;

Νεμέτορος ἀγέλας ἐπιτροπεύοντι· τήν τε τιθηνησαμένην τὰ παιδία καὶ μαστοὺς ἐπισχοῦσαν οὐ λύκαιναν εἶναί φασιν, ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ εἰκὸς γυναῖκα τῷ Φαιστύλῳ συνοικοῦσαν Λαυρεντίαν ὄνομα, ᾗ δημοσιευούσῃ ποτὲ τὴν τοῦ σώματος ὥραν οἱ περὶ τὸ Παλλάντιον διατρίβοντες ἐπίκλησιν ἔθεντο τὴν Λούπαν· ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο Ἑλληνικόν τε καὶ ἀρχαῖον ἐπὶ ταῖς μισθαρνούσαις τἀφροδίσια τιθέμενον, αἳ νῦν εὐπρεπεστέρᾳ κλήσει ἑταῖραι προσαγορεύονται. ἀγνοοῦντας δέ τινας αὐτὸ πλάσαι τὸν περὶ τῆς λυκαίνης μῦθον, ἐπειδὴ κατὰ τὴν γλῶτταν, ἣν τὸ Λατίνων ἔθνος φθέγγεται, λούπα καλεῖται τοῦτο τὸ θηρίον. ἡνίκα δὲ τῆς ἐν τῷ γάλακτι τροφῆς ἀπηλλάγη τὰ παιδία, δοθῆναι πρὸς τῶν τρεφόντων εἰς Γαβίους πόλιν οὐ μακρὰν ἀπὸ τοῦ

Numitor's herds, which he managed; and they say that the one who nursed the children and gave them the breast was not a she-wolf but, as is likely, a woman named Laurentia who lived with Faustulus, to whom, since she had once made a public trade of her body's bloom, the people living around Pallantium gave the nickname Lupa; this is a Greek and ancient [term] applied to women who hire out the pleasures of love, who are now called by a more decent name hetairai [companions]. And some who did not know this invented the myth of the she-wolf, since in the language which the Latin people speak this animal is called lupa. When the children had been weaned from milk, they were given by those rearing them to Gabii, a city lying not far from

ἐν ταύτῃ φασί τινες τῇ μάχη τὸν Φαιστύλον, ὃς ἐξεθρέψατο τοὺς νεανίσκους, διαλῦσαι τὴν ἔριν τῶν ἀδελφῶν βουλόμενον, ὡς οὐδὲν οἷός τʼ ἦν ἀνύσαι, εἰς μέσους ὤσασθαι τοὺς μαχομένους ἄνοπλον θανάτου τοῦ ταχίστου τυχεῖν προθυμούμενον, ὅπερ καὶ ἐγένετο. τινὲς δὲ καὶ τὸν λέοντα τὸν λίθινον, ὃς ἔκειτο τῆς ἀγορᾶς τῆς τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἐν τῷ κρατίστῳ χωρίῳ παρὰ τοῖς ἐμβόλοις, ἐπὶ τῷ σώματι τοῦ Φαιστύλου τεθῆναί φασιν, ἔνθα ἔπεσεν ὑπὸ τῶν εὑρόντων ταφέντος.

In this battle, some say, Faustulus, who had brought up the youths, wishing to end the brothers' strife and able to achieve nothing, threw himself unarmed into the midst of the combatants, eager to meet the swiftest death, and that is what happened. Some say too that the stone lion which stood in the chief place of the Roman Forum, beside the Rostra, was set over the body of Faustulus, who was buried where he fell by those who found him.

ἀποθανόντος δʼ ἐν τῇ μάχῃ Ῥώμου νίκην οἰκτίστην ὁ Ῥωμύλος ἀπό τε τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ καὶ πολιτικῆς ἀλληλοκτονίας ἀνελόμενος τὸν μὲν Ῥῶμον ἐν τῇ Ῥεμορίᾳ θάπτει, ἐπειδὴ καὶ ζῶν τοῦ χωρίου τῆς κτίσεως περιείχετο, αὐτὸς δὲ ὑπὸ λύπης τε καὶ μετανοίας τῶν πεπραγμένων παρεὶς ἑαυτὸν εἰς ἀπόγνωσιν τοῦ βίου τρέπεται. τῆς δὲ Λαυρεντίας, ἣ νεογνοὺς παραλαβοῦσα ἐξεθρέψατο καὶ μητρὸς οὐχ ἧττον ἠσπάζετο, δεομένης καὶ παρηγορούσης, ταύτῃ πειθόμενος ἀνίσταται· συναγαγὼν δὲ τοὺς Λατίνους, ὅσοι μὴ κατὰ τὴν μάχην διεφθάρησαν, ὀλίγῳ πλείους ὄντας τρισχιλίων ἐκ πάνυ πολλοῦ κατʼ ἀρχὰς γενομένου πλήθους, ὅτε τὴν ἀποικίαν ἔστελλε,

When Remus had died in the battle, Romulus, having won a most pitiable victory over his brother and through the citizens' slaughter of one another, buried Remus in Remoria, since while alive too he had clung to that place for the founding; and he himself, giving way to grief and remorse for what had been done, sank into despair of life. But when Laurentia, who had taken them in as newborns and reared them and loved them no less than a mother, entreated and comforted him, he was persuaded by her and rose up; and gathering the Latins, as many as had not been killed in the battle, a little more than three thousand out of the very large number there had been at first, when he was sending out the colony,

πολίζει τὸ Παλλάντιον. ὁ μὲν οὖν πιθανώτατος τῶν λόγων περὶ τῆς Ῥώμου τελευτῆς οὗτος εἶναί μοι δοκεῖ. λεγέσθω δʼ ὅμως καὶ εἴ τις ἑτέρως ἔχων παραδέδοται. φασὶ δή τινες συγχωρήσαντʼ αὐτὸν τῷ Ῥωμύλῳ τὴν ἡγεμονίαν, ἀχθόμενον δὲ καὶ διʼ ὀργῆς ἔχοντα τὴν ἀπάτην, ἐπειδὴ κατεσκευάσθη τὸ τεῖχος φλαῦρον ἀποδεῖξαι τὸ ἔρυμα βουλόμενον, Ἀλλὰ τοῦτό γʼ, εἰπεῖν, οὐ χαλεπῶς ἄν τις ὑμῖν ὑπερβαίη πολέμιος, ὥσπερ ἐγώ· καὶ αὐτίκα ὑπεραλέσθαι· Κελέριον δέ τινα τῶν ἐπιβεβηκότων τοῦ τείχους, ὃς ἦν ἐπιστάτης τῶν ἔργων, Ἀλλὰ τοῦτόν γε τὸν πολέμιον οὐ χαλεπῶς ἄν τις ἡμῶν ἀμύναιτο, εἰπόντα, πλῆξαι τῷ σκαφείῳ κατὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς καὶ αὐτίκα ἀποκτεῖναι· τὸ μὲν δὴ τέλος τῆς στάσεως τῶν ἀδελφῶν τοιοῦτο λέγεται γενέσθαι.

he founded Pallantium. This, then, seems to me the most credible of the accounts of the death of Remus. Yet let it be told also if any other version has been handed down. Some say, then, that he yielded the leadership to Romulus, but, vexed and angry at the deceit, when the wall had been built, wishing to show that the fortification was feeble, he said, “But this, at any rate, any enemy of yours could get over without trouble, as I do,” and at once leapt over it; and that Celer, one of those standing on the wall, who was overseer of the works, said, “But this enemy, at any rate, any of us could ward off without trouble,” and struck him on the head with his spade and killed him on the spot. Such, then, is said to have been the end of the brothers' quarrel.

τοὺς δὲ παραδεδομένους περὶ αὐτῶν μύθους, ἐν οἷς βλασφημίαι τινὲς ἔνεισι κατʼ αὐτῶν ἢ κακηγορίαι, πονηροὺς καὶ ἀνωφελεῖς καὶ ἀσχήμονας ὑπολαβὼν εἶναι καὶ οὐχ ὅτι θεῶν ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ἀνθρώπων ἀγαθῶν ἀξίους, ἅπαντας ἐξέβαλε καὶ παρεσκεύασε τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τὰ κράτιστα περὶ θεῶν λέγειν τε καὶ φρονεῖν μηδὲν αὐτοῖς προσάπτοντας ἀνάξιον ἐπιτήδευμα τῆς μακαρίας φύσεως.

But the myths handed down about them, in which there are blasphemies or slanders against them, he judged to be wicked, useless and indecent, and unworthy not only of gods but even of good men, and he rejected them all, and prepared people to speak and to think the best about the gods, attributing to them no conduct unworthy of their blessed nature.

οὔτε γὰρ Οὐρανὸς ἐκτεμνόμενος ὑπὸ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ παίδων παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις λέγεται οὔτε Κρόνος ἀφανίζων τὰς ἑαυτοῦ γονὰς φόβῳ τῆς ἐξ αὐτῶν ἐπιθέσεως οὔτε Ζεὺς καταλύων τὴν Κρόνου δυναστείαν καὶ κατακλείων ἐν τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ τοῦ Ταρτάρου τὸν ἑαυτοῦ πατέρα οὐδέ γε πόλεμοι καὶ τραύματα καὶ

For among the Romans it is not said that Uranus was castrated by his own sons, nor that Cronus did away with his own offspring for fear of an attack from them, nor that Zeus overthrew the rule of Cronus and shut his own father up in the prison of Tartarus; nor indeed [are there] wars and wounds and

τὴν δὲ τότε ὑπὸ Ῥωμύλου καθιερωθεῖσαν ἑορτὴν ἔτι καὶ εἰς ἐμὲ ἄγοντες Ῥωμαῖοι διετέλουν Κωνσουάλια καλοῦντες, ἐν ᾗ βωμός τε ὑπόγειος ἱδρυμένος παρὰ τῷ μεγίστῳ τῶν ἱπποδρόμων περισκαφείσης τῆς γῆς θυσίαις τε καὶ ὑπερπύροις ἀπαρχαῖς γεραίρεται, καὶ δρόμος ἵππων ζευκτῶν τε καὶ ἀζεύκτων ἐπιτελεῖται. καλεῖται δὲ ὁ θεός, ᾧ ταῦτʼ ἐπιτελοῦσι, Κῶνσος ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων, ὃν ἐξερμηνεύοντες εἰς τὴν ἡμετέραν γλῶτταν Ποσειδῶνα σεισίχθονά φασιν εἶναί τινες καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ὑπογείῳ τετιμῆσθαι βωμῷ λέγουσιν, ὅτι τὴν γῆν ὁ θεὸς οὗτος ἔχει.

The festival then instituted by Romulus the Romans have continued to celebrate even down to my time, calling it the Consualia; at it an underground altar, set up beside the greatest of the hippodromes, is uncovered by digging away the earth around it and honoured with sacrifices and burnt first-fruits, and a race of horses, both yoked and unyoked, is held. The god to whom they perform these rites is called Consus by the Romans; some, translating [the name] into our language, say that he is Poseidon the Earth-shaker, and say that he has been honoured with an underground altar for this reason, that this god holds the earth.

μικρὸν ἐπανεστηκότι τῆς ἀγορᾶς. ἱερά τε ἱδρύσαντο καὶ βωμοὺς καθιέρωσαν οἷς ηὔξαντο κατὰ τὰς μάχας θεοῖς, Ῥωμύλος μὲν ὀρθωσίῳ Διὶ παρὰ ταῖς καλουμέναις Μουγωνίσι πύλαις, αἳ φέρουσιν εἰς τὸ Παλάτιον ἐκ τῆς ἱερᾶς ὁδοῦ, ὅτι τὴν στρατιὰν αὐτοῦ φυγοῦσαν ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς ὑπακούσας ταῖς εὐχαῖς στῆναί τε καὶ πρὸς ἀλκὴν τραπέσθαι· Τάτιος δὲ Ἡλίῳ τε καὶ Σελήνῃ καὶ Κρόνῳ καὶ Ῥέᾳ, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις Ἑστίᾳ καὶ Ἡφαίστῳ καὶ Ἀρτέμιδι καὶ Ἐνυαλίῳ καὶ ἄλλοις θεοῖς, ὧν χαλεπὸν ἐξειπεῖν Ἑλλάδι γλώττῃ τὰ ὀνόματα, ἐν ἁπάσαις τε ταῖς κουρίαις Ἥρᾳ τραπέζας ἔθετο κυριτίδι λεγομένῃ, αἳ καὶ εἰς τόδε χρόνου κεῖνται.

which stands a little above the forum. They also founded shrines and consecrated altars to the gods to whom they had made vows during the battles: Romulus to Zeus Orthosios [the Upholder] beside the so-called Mugonian Gate, which leads from the Sacred Way to the Palatine, because the god, hearing his prayers, had made his army stop its flight and turn to resist; and Tatius to the Sun and the Moon, to Cronus and Rhea, and besides these to Hestia and Hephaestus, Artemis and Enyalius, and other gods whose names are hard to render in the Greek language; and in all the curiae he set up tables to Hera, called Curitis, which stand even to this day.

οἱ μὲν οὖν μυθωδέστερα τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ ποιοῦντες ἐκκλησιάζοντά φασιν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ στρατοπέδου ζόφου κατασκήψαντος ἐξ αἰθρίας καὶ χειμῶνος μεγάλου καταρραγέντος ἀφανῆ γενέσθαι καὶ πεπιστεύκασιν ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς Ἄρεος τὸν ἄνδρα ἀνηρπάσθαι·

Those who make the story about him more mythical say that while he was holding an assembly in the camp, darkness swept down out of a clear sky and a great storm burst, and he vanished; and they have believed that the man was carried off by his father Ares;

οἱ δὲ τὰ πιθανώτερα γράφοντες πρὸς τῶν ἰδίων πολιτῶν λέγουσιν αὐτὸν ἀποθανεῖν. αἰτίαν δὲ τῆς ἀναιρέσεως αὐτοῦ φέρουσι τήν τε ἄφεσιν τῶν ὁμήρων, οὓς παρὰ Οὐιεντανῶν ἔλαβεν, ἄνευ κοινῆς γνώμης γενομένην παρὰ τὸ εἰωθός, καὶ τὸ μηκέτι τὸν αὐτὸν προσφέρεσθαι τρόπον τοῖς ἀρχαιοτάτοις πολίταις καὶ τοῖς προσγράφοις, ἀλλὰ τοὺς μὲν ἐν τιμῇ πλείονι ἄγειν, τῶν δʼ ἐπεισαχθέντων ὑπερορᾶν, τό τε ὠμὸν αὐτοῦ τὸ περὶ τὰς τιμωρίας τῶν ἐξαμαρτανόντων καὶ αὔθαδες, ʽῬωμαίων γάρ τινας ἐπὶ λῃστείᾳ τῶν πλησιοχώρων κατηγορηθέντας οὔτε ἀφανεῖς ἄνδρας οὔτε ὀλίγους ἐκέλευσεν ὦσαι κατὰ τοῦ κρημνοῦ τὴν δίκην αὐτὸς μόνος δικάσασʼ μάλιστα δὲ ὅτι βαρὺς ἤδη καὶ αὐθάδης εἶναι ἐδόκει καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν οὐκέτι βασιλικῶς ἀλλὰ τυραννικώτερον ἐξάγειν.

but those who write the more credible version say that he died at the hands of his own citizens. As the cause of his killing they allege the release, without common consent and contrary to custom, of the hostages he had taken from the Veientes; and that he no longer behaved in the same way towards the oldest citizens and those enrolled later, but held the former in greater honour and slighted the newcomers; and his cruelty and arrogance in punishing wrongdoers (for he had ordered some Romans accused of brigandage against their neighbours, men neither obscure nor few, to be thrown down the cliff, having judged the case alone by himself); but most of all that he already seemed harsh and arrogant, and to be conducting his rule no longer like a king but more like a tyrant.

οἱ δὲ τὰ μυθώδη πάντα περιαιροῦντες ἐκ τῆς ἱστορίας πεπλάσθαι φασὶν ὑπὸ τοῦ Νόμα τὸν περὶ τῆς Ἠγερίας λόγον, ἵνα ῥᾷον αὐτῷ προσέχωσιν οἱ τὰ θεῖα δεδιότες καὶ προθύμως δέχωνται τοὺς ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ τιθεμένους νόμους, ὡς παρὰ θεῶν κομιζομένους.

But those who strip everything mythical from history say that the story about Egeria was invented by Numa, so that those who feared the divine might more readily pay heed to him and gladly accept the laws he laid down as coming from the gods.

γυνή τις ἀφίκετο πρὸς τὸν τύραννον οὐκ ἐπιχωρία βύβλους ἐννέα μεστὰς Σιβυλλείων χρησμῶν ἀπεμπολῆσαι θέλουσα. οὐκ ἀξιοῦντος δὲ τοῦ Ταρκυνίου τῆς αἰτηθείσης τιμῆς πρίασθαι τὰς βύβλους ἀπελθοῦσα τρεῖς ἐξ αὐτῶν κατέκαυσε· καὶ μετʼ οὐ πολὺν χρόνον τὰς λοιπὰς ἓξ ἐνέγκασα τῆς αὐτῆς ἐπώλει τιμῆς. δόξασα δʼ ἄφρων τις εἶναι καὶ γελασθεῖσα ἐπὶ τῷ τὴν αὐτὴν τιμὴν αἰτεῖν περὶ τῶν ἐλαττόνων, ἣν οὐδὲ περὶ τῶν πλειόνων ἐδυνήθη λαβεῖν, ἀπελθοῦσα πάλιν τὰς ἡμισείας τῶν ἀπολειπομένων κατέκαυσε καὶ τὰς λοιπὰς

A woman who was not a native came to the tyrant wishing to sell nine books full of Sibylline oracles. When Tarquin refused to buy the books at the price asked, she went away and burned three of them; and not long afterwards she brought the remaining six and offered them at the same price. Thought to be a fool and laughed at for asking the same price for the fewer that she had not been able to get even for the more, she went away again, burned half of those that remained, and the remaining