Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library

τοὺς δʼ οὖν κατʼ Αἴγυπτον ἀνθρώπους τὸ παλαιὸν γενομένους, ἀναβλέψαντας εἰς τὸν κόσμον καὶ τὴν τῶν ὅλων φύσιν καταπλαγέντας τε καὶ θαυμάσαντας, ὑπολαβεῖν εἶναι δύο θεοὺς ἀιδίους τε καὶ πρώτους, τόν τε ἥλιον καὶ τὴν σελήνην, ὧν τὸν μὲν Ὄσιριν, τὴν δὲ Ἶσιν ὀνομάσαι, ἀπό τινος ἐτύμου τεθείσης ἑκατέρας τῆς προσηγορίας ταύτης.

Now the men of Egypt, when they came into being long ago, looking up at the cosmos and struck with amazement and wonder at the nature of the universe, supposed that there were two gods, eternal and first, the sun and the moon, of whom they named the one Osiris and the other Isis, each of these names having been given from a certain etymology.

τὸ μὲν οὖν πνεῦμα Δία προσαγορεῦσαι μεθερμηνευομένης τῆς λέξεως, ὃν αἴτιον ὄντα τοῦ ψυχικοῦ τοῖς ζῴοις ἐνόμισαν ὑπάρχειν πάντων οἱονεί τινα πατέρα. συμφωνεῖν δὲ τούτοις φασὶ καὶ τὸν ἐπιφανέστατον τῶν παρʼ Ἕλλησι ποιητῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ θεοῦ τούτου λέγοντα πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε.

The spirit, then, they named Zeus, as the word is translated; they held it, as the cause of the soul's life in living creatures, to be as it were a kind of father of all. And they say that the most illustrious of the poets among the Greeks also agrees with them, when he says of this god ‘father of men and gods’.

τὸ δὲ πῦρ μεθερμηνευόμενον Ἥφαιστον ὀνομάσαι, νομίσαντας μέγαν εἶναι θεὸν καὶ πολλὰ συμβάλλεσθαι πᾶσιν εἰς γένεσίν τε καὶ τελείαν αὔξησιν.

And fire, translated, they named Hephaestus, holding it to be a great god that contributes much to all things for their generation and full growth.

οἱ γὰρ Αἰγύπτιοι νομίζουσιν Ὠκεανὸν εἶναι τὸν παρʼ αὐτοῖς ποταμὸν Νεῖλον, πρὸς ᾧ καὶ τὰς τῶν θεῶν γενέσεις ὑπάρξαι· τῆς γὰρ πάσης οἰκουμένης κατὰ μόνην τὴν Αἴγυπτον εἶναι πόλεις πολλὰς ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχαίων θεῶν ἐκτισμένας, οἷον Διός, Ἡλίου, Ἑρμοῦ, Ἀπόλλωνος, Πανός, Εἰλειθυίας, ἄλλων πλειόνων.

For the Egyptians consider Oceanus to be the river in their country, the Nile, beside which the births of the gods also took place; for of the whole inhabited world, Egypt alone has many cities founded by the ancient gods, such as [those] of Zeus, the Sun, Hermes, Apollo, Pan, Eileithyia, and many others.

ἔνιοι δὲ τῶν ἱερέων φασὶ πρῶτον Ἥφαιστον βασιλεῦσαι, πυρὸς εὑρετὴν γενόμενον καὶ διὰ τὴν εὐχρηστίαν ταύτην τυχόντα τῆς ἡγεμονίας· γενομένου γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσι κεραυνοβόλου δένδρου καὶ τῆς πλησίον ὕλης καομένης προσελθόντα τὸν Ἥφαιστον κατὰ τὴν χειμέριον ὥραν ἡσθῆναι διαφερόντως ἐπὶ τῇ θερμασίᾳ, λήγοντος δὲ τοῦ πυρὸς ἀεὶ τῆς ὕλης ἐπιβάλλειν, καὶ τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ διατηροῦντα τὸ πῦρ προκαλεῖσθαι τοὺς ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους πρὸς τὴν ἐξ αὐτοῦ γινομένην εὐχρηστίαν.

Some of the priests say that Hephaestus was the first to reign, having become the discoverer of fire and having obtained the rule because of this service; for when a tree in the mountains was struck by lightning and the forest near it was burning, Hephaestus came up, and since it was the winter season he took exceptional pleasure in the warmth, and as the fire died down he kept throwing wood on it, and keeping the fire going in this way he invited the other men to the benefit that came from it.

μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τὸν Κρόνον ἄρξαι, καὶ γήμαντα τὴν ἀδελφὴν Ῥέαν γεννῆσαι κατὰ μέν τινας τῶν μυθολόγων Ὄσιριν καὶ Ἶσιν, κατὰ δὲ τοὺς πλείστους Δία τε καὶ Ἥραν, οὓς διʼ ἀρετὴν βασιλεῦσαι τοῦ σύμπαντος κόσμου. ἐκ δὲ τούτων γενέσθαι πέντε θεούς, καθʼ ἑκάστην τῶν ἐπαγομένων παρʼ Αἰγυπτίοις πένθʼ ἡμερῶν ἑνὸς γεννηθέντος· ὀνόματα δὲ ὑπάρξαι τοῖς τεκνωθεῖσιν Ὄσιριν καὶ Ἶσιν, ἔτι δὲ Τυφῶνα καὶ Ἀπόλλωνα καὶ Ἀφροδίτην·

After this Cronus ruled, and having married his sister Rhea he begot, according to some of the mythographers, Osiris and Isis, but according to most, Zeus and Hera, who because of their virtue became kings over the whole universe. From these were born five gods, one born on each of the five intercalary days among the Egyptians; and the names of the children were Osiris and Isis, and also Typhon and Apollo and Aphrodite;

πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ παῦσαι τῆς ἀλληλοφαγίας τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος, εὑρούσης μὲν Ἴσιδος τόν τε τοῦ πυροῦ καὶ τῆς κριθῆς καρπόν, φυόμενον μὲν ὡς ἔτυχε κατὰ τὴν χώραν μετὰ τῆς ἄλλης βοτάνης, ἀγνοούμενον δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, τοῦ δὲ Ὀσίριδος ἐπινοησαμένου καὶ τὴν τούτων κατεργασίαν τῶν καρπῶν, ἡδέως μεταθέσθαι πάντας τὴν τροφὴν διά τε τὴν ἡδονὴν τῆς φύσεως τῶν εὑρεθέντων καὶ διὰ τὸ φαίνεσθαι συμφέρον ὑπάρχειν ἀπέχεσθαι τῆς κατʼ ἀλλήλων ὠμότητος.

For first, [they say,] they made the human race cease from eating one another, after Isis had discovered the fruit of wheat and barley, which grew at random throughout the land along with the other plants but was unknown to men, and Osiris had devised the preparation of these crops as well; and all gladly changed their food, both because of the pleasantness of the things discovered and because it seemed advantageous to abstain from their savagery against one another.

κτίσαι δέ φασι τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ὄσιριν πόλιν ἐν τῇ Θηβαΐδι τῇ κατʼ Αἴγυπτον ἑκατόμπυλον, ἣν ἐκείνους μὲν ἐπώνυμον ποιῆσαι τῆς μητρός, τοὺς δὲ μεταγενεστέρους αὐτὴν ὀνομάζειν Διὸς πόλιν, ἐνίους δὲ Θήβας.

And they say that Osiris and his companions founded in the Thebaid in Egypt a city of a hundred gates, which they named after their mother, but which later generations call Diospolis, and some Thebes.

γενέσθαι δὲ καὶ φιλογέωργον τὸν Ὄσιριν, καὶ τραφῆναι μὲν τῆς εὐδαίμονος Ἀραβίας ἐν Νύσῃ πλησίον Αἰγύπτου Διὸς ὄντα παῖδα, καὶ τὴν προσηγορίαν ἔχειν παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἀπό τε τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ τόπου Διόνυσον ὀνομασθέντα.

And [they say] that Osiris was also fond of farming, and that he was reared in Nysa, in Arabia Felix near Egypt, being a son of Zeus, and that he has his name among the Greeks from both his father and the place, being called Dionysus.

τὸν δʼ οὖν Ὄσιρίν φασι τὰ κατὰ τὴν Αἴγυπτον καταστήσαντα καὶ τὴν τῶν ὅλων ἡγεμονίαν Ἴσιδι τῇ γυναικὶ παραδόντα, ταύτῃ μὲν παρακαταστῆσαι σύμβουλον τὸν Ἑρμῆν διὰ τὸ φρονήσει τοῦτον διαφέρειν τῶν ἄλλων φίλων, καὶ στρατηγὸν μὲν ἀπολιπεῖν ἁπάσης τῆς ὑφʼ αὑτὸν χώρας Ἡρακλέα γένει τε προσήκοντα καὶ θαυμαζόμενον ἐπʼ ἀνδρείᾳ τε καὶ σώματος ῥώμῃ, ἐπιμελητὰς δὲ τάξαι τῶν μὲν πρὸς Φοινίκην κεκλιμένων μερῶν καὶ τῶν ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ τόπων Βούσιριν, τῶν δὲ κατὰ τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν καὶ Λιβύην Ἀνταῖον, αὐτὸν δʼ ἐκ τῆς Αἰγύπτου μετὰ τῆς δυνάμεως ἀναζεῦξαι πρὸς τὴν στρατείαν, ἔχοντα μεθʼ αὑτοῦ καὶ τὸν ἀδελφόν, ὃν οἱ Ἕλληνες Ἀπόλλωνα καλοῦσιν.

Osiris, then, they say, having settled the affairs of Egypt and handed over the government of the whole to his wife Isis, placed beside her Hermes as counsellor, because he surpassed his other friends in wisdom; and as general of all the land under his rule he left Heracles, who was his kinsman and admired for his courage and bodily strength; and as governors he appointed Busiris over the parts lying towards Phoenicia and the places by the sea, and Antaeus over those in the direction of Ethiopia and Libya; and he himself set out from Egypt with his army on the campaign, taking with him also his brother, whom the Greeks call Apollo.

τῷ δʼ οὖν Ὀσίριδι συνεστρατεῦσθαι δύο λέγουσιν υἱοὺς Ἄνουβίν τε καὶ Μακεδόνα, διαφέροντας ἀνδρείᾳ. ἀμφοτέρους δὲ χρήσασθαι τοῖς ἐπισημοτάτοις ὅπλοις ἀπό τινων ζῴων οὐκ ἀνοικείων τῇ περὶ αὐτοὺς εὐτολμίᾳ· τὸν μὲν γὰρ Ἄνουβιν περιθέσθαι κυνῆν, τὸν δὲ Μακεδόνα λύκου προτομήν· ἀφʼ ἧς αἰτίας καὶ τὰ ζῷα ταῦτα τιμηθῆναι παρὰ τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις.

Osiris, they say, was accompanied on the campaign by two sons, Anubis and Macedon, who were outstanding in courage. Both of them bore the most conspicuous arms, taken from certain animals not unsuited to their own daring; for Anubis put on a dog-skin cap, and Macedon the forepart of a wolf; and for this reason these animals are honoured among the Egyptians.

παραλαβεῖν δʼ ἐπὶ τὴν στρατείαν καὶ τὸν Πᾶνα, διαφερόντως ὑπὸ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων τιμώμενον· τούτῳ γὰρ τοὺς ἐγχωρίους οὐ μόνον ἀγάλματα πεποιηκέναι κατὰ πᾶν ἱερόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πόλιν ἐπώνυμον κατὰ τὴν Θηβαΐδα, καλουμένην μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν ἐγχωρίων Χεμμώ, μεθερμηνευομένην δὲ Πανὸς πόλιν. συνέπεσθαι δὲ καὶ τῆς γεωργίας ἐμπειρίαν ἔχοντας, τῆς μὲν περὶ τὴν ἄμπελον φυτείας Μάρωνα, τοῦ δὲ κατὰ τὸν σῖτον σπόρου καὶ τῆς ὅλης συγκομιδῆς Τριπτόλεμον.

They also took Pan along on the campaign, who is especially honoured by the Egyptians; for the natives have made not only statues of him in every temple, but also a city named after him in the Thebaid, called by the natives Chemmo, which translated is City of Pan. There also followed men experienced in agriculture: Maron in the planting of the vine, and Triptolemus in the sowing of grain and the whole harvest.

φασὶ γὰρ νομίμως βασιλεύοντα τῆς Αἰγύπτου τὸν Ὄσιριν ὑπὸ Τυφῶνος ἀναιρεθῆναι τἀδελφοῦ, βιαίου καὶ ἀσεβοῦς ὄντος· ὃν διελόντα τὸ σῶμα τοῦ φονευθέντος εἰς ἓξ καὶ εἴκοσι μέρη δοῦναι τῶν συνεπιθεμένων ἑκάστῳ μερίδα, βουλόμενον πάντας μετασχεῖν τοῦ μύσους, καὶ διὰ τούτου νομίζοντα συναγωνιστὰς ἕξειν καὶ φύλακας τῆς βασιλείας βεβαίους.

For they say that Osiris, while reigning lawfully over Egypt, was killed by his brother Typhon, a violent and impious man; and that he divided the body of the murdered man into twenty-six pieces and gave a portion to each of those who had joined in the attack, wishing all to share in the pollution, and thinking that by this means he would have them as fellow-fighters and steadfast guardians of his kingship.

τὴν δὲ Ἶσιν ἀδελφὴν οὖσαν Ὀσίριδος καὶ γυναῖκα μετελθεῖν τὸν φόνον, συναγωνιζομένου τοῦ παιδὸς αὐτῆς Ὥρου· ἀνελοῦσαν δὲ τὸν τυφῶνα καὶ τοὺς συμπράξαντας βασιλεῦσαι τῆς Αἰγύπτου.

But Isis, being the sister and wife of Osiris, avenged the murder with the help of her son Horus, and having slain Typhon and his accomplices she reigned over Egypt.

τὴν δʼ οὖν Ἶσιν πάντα τὰ μέρη τοῦ σώματος πλὴν τῶν αἰδοίων ἀνευρεῖν· βουλομένην δὲ τὴν τἀνδρὸς ταφὴν ἄδηλον ποιῆσαι καὶ τιμωμένην παρὰ πᾶσι τοῖς τὴν Αἴγυπτον κατοικοῦσι, συντελέσαι τὸ δόξαν τοιῷδέ τινι τρόπῳ. ἑκάστῳ τῶν μερῶν περιπλάσαι λέγουσιν αὐτὴν τύπον ἀνθρωποειδῆ, παραπλήσιον Ὀσίριδι τὸ μέγεθος, ἐξ ἀρωμάτων καὶ κηροῦ·

Isis, then, [they say,] found all the parts of the body except the genitals; and wishing to keep her husband's grave unknown and yet honoured by all who dwell in Egypt, she accomplished her purpose in some such way as this. Around each of the parts, they say, she moulded a figure of human shape, like Osiris in size, out of spices and wax;

τοὺς δὲ ταύρους τοὺς ἱερούς, τόν τε ὀνομαζόμενον Ἆπιν καὶ τὸν Μνεῦιν, Ὀσίριδι καθιερωθῆναι, καὶ τούτους σέβεσθαι καθάπερ θεοὺς κοινῇ καταδειχθῆναι πᾶσιν Αἰγυπτίοις·

and that the sacred bulls, both the one called Apis and the Mnevis, were consecrated to Osiris, and that all the Egyptians in common were taught to worship these as gods;

ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ταύτην μεταστᾶσαν ἐξ ἀνθρώπων τυχεῖν ἀθανάτων τιμῶν καὶ ταφῆναι κατὰ τὴν Μέμφιν, ὅπου δείκνυται μέχρι τοῦ νῦν ὁ σηκός, ὑπάρχων ἐν τῷ τεμένει τοῦ Ἡφαίστου.

Likewise she too, when she had departed from among men, received immortal honours and was buried at Memphis, where her shrine is shown to this day, lying in the precinct of Hephaestus.

ἔνιοι δέ φασιν οὐκ ἐν Μέμφει κεῖσθαι τὰ σώματα τούτων τῶν θεῶν, ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ τῶν ὅρων τῆς Αἰθιοπίας καὶ τῆς Αἰγύπτου κατὰ τὴν ἐν τῷ Νείλῳ νῆσον, κειμένην μὲν πρὸς ταῖς καλουμέναις Φίλαις, ἔχουσαν δὲ προσηγορίαν ἀπὸ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος ἱεροῦ πεδίου.

But some say that the bodies of these gods lie not in Memphis but on the borders of Ethiopia and Egypt, on the island in the Nile which lies by the place called Philae and has the name ‘Holy Field’ from what happened [there].

σημεῖα δὲ τούτου δεικνύουσιν ἐν τῇ νήσῳ ταύτῃ διαμένοντα τόν τε τάφον τὸν κατεσκευασμένον Ὀσίριδι, κοινῇ τιμώμενον ὑπὸ τῶν κατʼ Αἴγυπτον ἱερέων, καὶ τὰς περὶ τοῦτον κειμένας ἑξήκοντα καὶ τριακοσίας χοάς·

As evidence of this they point to what remains on this island: the tomb built for Osiris, honoured in common by the priests throughout Egypt, and the three hundred and sixty libation bowls set around it;

διὰ ταύτην δὲ τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ τὴν νῆσον ταύτην ἄβατον εἶναι τοῖς παριοῦσι. καὶ πάντας τοὺς τὴν Θηβαΐδα κατοικοῦντας, ἥπερ ἐστὶν ἀρχαιοτάτη τῆς Αἰγύπτου, μέγιστον ὅρκον κρίνειν, ὅταν τις τὸν Ὄσιριν τὸν ἐν Φίλαις κείμενον ὀμόσῃ. τὰ μὲν οὖν ἀνευρεθέντα τοῦ Ὀσίριδος μέρη ταφῆς ἀξιωθῆναί φασι τὸν εἰρημένον τρόπον, τὸ δὲ αἰδοῖον ὑπὸ μὲν Τυφῶνος εἰς τὸν ποταμὸν ῥιφῆναι λέγουσι διὰ τὸ μηδένα τῶν συνεργησάντων αὐτὸ λαβεῖν βουληθῆναι, ὑπὸ δὲ τῆς Ἴσιδος οὐδὲν ἧττον τῶν ἄλλων ἀξιωθῆναι τιμῶν ἰσοθέων· ἔν τε γὰρ τοῖς ἱεροῖς εἴδωλον αὐτοῦ κατασκευάσασαν τιμᾶν καταδεῖξαι καὶ κατὰ τὰς τελετὰς καὶ τὰς θυσίας τὰς τῷ θεῷ τούτῳ γινομένας ἐντιμότατον ποιῆσαι καὶ πλείστου σεβασμοῦ τυγχάνειν.

For this reason this island too may not be set foot on by those who pass by. And all who inhabit the Thebaid, which is the most ancient part of Egypt, consider it the greatest oath when anyone swears by Osiris who lies in Philae. Now the parts of Osiris that were found, they say, were deemed worthy of burial in the manner described; but the genital member, they say, was thrown into the river by Typhon, because none of his accomplices was willing to take it, yet by Isis it was deemed worthy, no less than the other [parts], of honours equal to a god's; for she made an image of it in the temples and taught [men] to honour it, and in the rites and sacrifices performed for this god she made it most highly honoured and the object of the greatest reverence.

διὸ καὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας, ἐξ Αἰγύπτου παρειληφότας τὰ περὶ τοὺς ὀργιασμοὺς καὶ τὰς Διονυσιακὰς ἑορτάς, τιμᾶν τοῦτο τὸ μόριον ἔν τε τοῖς μυστηρίοις καὶ ταῖς τοῦ θεοῦ τούτου τελεταῖς τε καὶ θυσίαις, ὀνομάζοντας αὐτὸ φαλλόν.

Wherefore the Greeks too, having received from Egypt what concerns the orgiastic rites and the Dionysiac festivals, honour this member in the mysteries and in the initiations and sacrifices of this god, calling it phallus.

τοὺς δὲ λέγοντας ἐν Θήβαις τῆς Βοιωτίας γεγονέναι τὸν θεὸν ἐκ Σεμέλης καὶ Διός φασι σχεδιάζειν. Ὀρφέα γὰρ εἰς Αἴγυπτον παραβαλόντα καὶ μετασχόντα τῆς τελετῆς καὶ τῶν Διονυσιακῶν μυστηρίων μεταλαβεῖν, τοῖς δὲ Καδμείοις φίλον ὄντα καὶ τιμώμενον ὑπʼ αὐτῶν μεταθεῖναι τοῦ θεοῦ τὴν γένεσιν ἐκείνοις χαριζόμενον· τοὺς δʼ ὄχλους τὰ μὲν διὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν, τὰ δὲ διὰ τὸ βούλεσθαι τὸν θεὸν Ἕλληνα νομίζεσθαι, προσδέξασθαι προσηνῶς τὰς τελετὰς καὶ τὰ μυστήρια.

Those who say that the god was born at Thebes in Boeotia of Semele and Zeus are, they say, improvising. For Orpheus, having come to Egypt and taken part in the initiation and shared in the Dionysiac mysteries, being a friend of the Cadmeans and honoured by them, transferred the god's birth [to Thebes] to gratify them; and the common people, partly through ignorance and partly through wishing the god to be thought a Greek, readily accepted the initiations and the mysteries.

Κάδμον ἐκ Θηβῶν ὄντα τῶν Αἰγυπτίων γεννῆσαι σὺν ἄλλοις τέκνοις καὶ Σεμέλην, ταύτην δὲ ὑφʼ ὅτου δήποτε φθαρεῖσαν ἔγκυον γενέσθαι, καὶ τεκεῖν ἑπτὰ μηνῶν διελθόντων βρέφος τὴν ὄψιν οἷόνπερ οἱ κατʼ Αἴγυπτον τὸν Ὄσιριν γεγονέναι νομίζουσι· ζωογονεῖσθαι δʼ οὐκ εἰωθέναι τὸ τοιοῦτον, εἴτε τῶν θεῶν μὴ βουλομένων εἴτε τῆς φύσεως μὴ συγχωρούσης. Κάδμον δʼ αἰσθόμενον τὸ γεγονός,

that Cadmus, who came from the Egyptian Thebes, fathered among other children Semele; that she, seduced by someone or other, became pregnant and, when seven months had passed, bore an infant whose appearance was just such as the people of Egypt believe Osiris had at his birth; and that such a child is not usually born alive, whether because the gods do not wish it or because nature does not allow it. And that Cadmus, perceiving what had happened,

καθόλου δὲ πολλή τίς ἐστι διαφωνία περὶ τούτων τῶν θεῶν. τὴν αὐτὴν γὰρ οἱ μὲν Ἶσιν, οἱ δὲ Δήμητραν, οἱ δὲ Θεσμοφόρον, οἱ δὲ Σελήνην, οἱ δὲ Ἥραν, οἱ δὲ πάσαις ταῖς προσηγορίαις ὀνομάζουσι.

In general there is much disagreement about these gods. For the same [goddess] some call Isis, others Demeter, others Thesmophorus, others Selene, others Hera, and others call her by all these names.

τὸν δὲ Ὄσιριν οἱ μὲν Σάραπιν, οἱ δὲ Διόνυσον, οἱ δὲ Πλούτωνα, οἱ δὲ Ἄμμωνα, τινὲς δὲ Δία, πολλοὶ δὲ Πᾶνα τὸν αὐτὸν νενομίκασι· λέγουσι δέ τινες Σάραπιν εἶναι τὸν παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησι Πλούτωνα ὀνομαζόμενον. φασὶ δʼ Αἰγύπτιοι τὴν Ἶσιν φαρμάκων τε πολλῶν πρὸς ὑγίειαν εὑρέτιν γεγονέναι καὶ τῆς ἰατρικῆς ἐπιστήμης μεγάλην ἔχειν ἐμπειρίαν·

Osiris some have held to be Sarapis, others Dionysus, others Pluto, others Ammon, some Zeus, and many Pan; and some say that Sarapis is the one named Pluto among the Greeks. And the Egyptians say that Isis was the discoverer of many drugs for health and had great experience of the science of medicine;

κατὰ γὰρ τοὺς ὕπνους ἐφισταμένην διδόναι τοῖς κάμνουσι βοηθήματα πρὸς τὰς νόσους, καὶ τοὺς ὑπακούσαντας αὐτῇ παραδόξως ὑγιάζεσθαι· καὶ πολλοὺς μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν ἰατρῶν διὰ τὴν δυσκολίαν τοῦ νοσήματος ἀπελπισθέντας ὑπὸ ταύτης σώζεσθαι, συχνοὺς δὲ παντελῶς πηρωθέντας τὰς ὁράσεις ἤ τινα τῶν ἄλλων μερῶν τοῦ σώματος, ὅταν πρὸς ταύτην τὴν θεὸν καταφύγωσιν, εἰς τὴν προϋπάρξασαν ἀποκαθίστασθαι τάξιν.

For [they say] that she stands over the sick in their sleep and gives them aid against their diseases, and that those who obey her are healed beyond expectation; and that many who have been despaired of by physicians because of the difficulty of their illness are saved by her, and that numbers who have been wholly maimed in their sight or in some other part of the body, whenever they take refuge with this goddess, are restored to their former condition.

εὑρεῖν δʼ αὐτὴν καὶ τὸ τῆς ἀθανασίας φάρμακον, διʼ οὗ τὸν υἱὸν Ὧρον, ὑπὸ τῶν Τιτάνων ἐπιβουλευθέντα καὶ νεκρὸν εὑρεθέντα καθʼ ὕδατος, μὴ μόνον ἀναστῆσαι, δοῦσαν τὴν ψυχήν,

And [they say] that she also discovered the drug of immortality, by which she not only raised up her son Horus, when he had been plotted against by the Titans and found dead in the water, giving [him back] his soul,

ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἀθανασίας ποιῆσαι μεταλαβεῖν. δοκεῖ δʼ ὕστατος τῶν θεῶν οὗτος βασιλεῦσαι μετὰ τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς Ὀσίριδος ἐξ ἀνθρώπων μετάστασιν. τὸν δὲ Ὧρον μεθερμηνευόμενόν φασιν Ἀπόλλωνα ὑπάρχειν, καὶ τήν τε ἰατρικὴν καὶ τὴν μαντικὴν ὑπὸ τῆς μητρὸς Ἴσιδος διδαχθέντα διὰ τῶν χρησμῶν καὶ τῶν θεραπειῶν εὐεργετεῖν τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος.

but also made him partake of immortality. And he seems to have been the last of the gods to reign, after his father Osiris departed from among men. They say that Horus, translated, is Apollo, and that, having been taught both medicine and divination by his mother Isis, he benefits the human race through his oracles and his healings.

οὐκ ἀγνοῶ δὲ διότι τινὲς τῶν συγγραφέων ἀποφαίνονται τοὺς τάφους τῶν θεῶν τούτων ὑπάρχειν ἐν Νύσῃ τῆς Ἀραβίας, ἀφʼ ἧς καὶ Νυσαῖον τὸν Διόνυσον ὠνομάσθαι. εἶναι δὲ καὶ στήλην ἑκατέρου τῶν θεῶν ἐπιγεγραμμένην τοῖς ἱεροῖς γράμμασιν.

I am not unaware that some of the historians declare that the tombs of these gods are in Nysa in Arabia, from which Dionysus too is called Nysaeus. And [they say] that there is also a stele of each of the gods inscribed in sacred letters.

ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς Ἴσιδος ἐπιγεγράφθαι “ἐγὼ Ἶσίς εἰμι ἡ βασίλισσα πάσης χώρας, ἡ παιδευθεῖσα ὑπὸ Ἑρμοῦ, καὶ ὅσα ἐγὼ ἐνομοθέτησα, οὐδεὶς αὐτὰ δύναται λῦσαι. ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ τοῦ νεωτάτου Κρόνου θεοῦ θυγάτηρ πρεσβυτάτη· ἐγώ εἰμι γυνὴ καὶ ἀδελφὴ Ὀσίριδος βασιλέως· ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ πρώτη καρπὸν ἀνθρώποις εὑροῦσα· ἐγώ εἰμι μήτηρ Ὥρου τοῦ βασιλέως· ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἐν τῷ ἄστρῳ τῷ ἐν τῷ κυνὶ ἐπιτέλλουσα·

On that of Isis, they say, is inscribed: “I am Isis, the queen of every land, she who was taught by Hermes, and whatever laws I have laid down, no one can undo. I am the eldest daughter of Cronus, the youngest god; I am wife and sister of Osiris the king; I am she who first discovered grain for men; I am mother of Horus the king; I am she who rises in the star that is in the Dog;

ἐμοὶ Βούβαστος ἡ πόλις ᾠκοδομήθη. χαῖρε χαῖρε Αἴγυπτε ἡ θρέψασά με.” ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς Ὀσίριδος ἐπιγεγράφθαι λέγεται “πατὴρ μέν ἐστί μοι Κρόνος νεώτατος θεῶν ἁπάντων, εἰμὶ δὲ Ὄσιρις ὁ βασιλεύς, ὁ στρατεύσας ἐπὶ πᾶσαν χώραν ἕως εἰς τοὺς ἀοικήτους τόπους τῶν Ἰνδῶν καὶ τοὺς πρὸς ἄρκτον κεκλιμένους, μέχρι Ἴστρου ποταμοῦ πηγῶν, καὶ πάλιν ἐπὶ τἄλλα μέρη ἕως ὠκεανοῦ. εἰμὶ δὲ υἱὸς Κρόνου πρεσβύτατος, καὶ βλαστὸς ἐκ καλοῦ τε καὶ εὐγενοῦς ᾠοῦ σπέρμα συγγενὲς ἐγεννήθην ἡμέρας. καὶ οὐκ ἔστι τόπος τῆς οἰκουμένης εἰς ὃν ἐγὼ οὐκ ἀφῖγμαι, διαδοὺς πᾶσιν ὧν ἐγὼ εὑρετὴς ἐγενόμην.”

For me the city of Bubastus was built. Farewell, farewell, Egypt that nurtured me.” And on that of Osiris it is said to be inscribed: “My father is Cronus, the youngest of all the gods, and I am Osiris the king, who campaigned over every land as far as the uninhabited places of the Indians and those that lie towards the north, as far as the sources of the river Ister, and again to the other parts as far as the Ocean. I am the eldest son of Cronus, and, a shoot from a fair and noble egg, I was born a seed akin to Day. There is no place in the inhabited world to which I have not come, distributing to all the things of which I was the discoverer.”

φασὶ δέ τινες καὶ τὸν Δαίδαλον εἰς Αἴγυπτον παραβαλόντα καὶ θαυμάσαντα τὴν ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις τέχνην κατασκευάσαι τῷ βασιλεύοντι τῆς Κρήτης Μίνῳ λαβύρινθον ὅμοιον τῷ κατʼ Αἴγυπτον, ἐν ᾧ γενέσθαι μυθολογοῦσι τὸν λεγόμενον Μινώταυρον.

Some say too that Daedalus, having visited Egypt and admired the skill in the work, built for Minos, who was king of Crete, a labyrinth like the one in Egypt, in which, the myth goes, the so-called Minotaur lived.

ἐκ μὲν γὰρ τῆς μετὰ τῶν ἀστρολόγων συμβιώσεως, ἣν ἐποιεῖτο συνεχῶς, ἐμπειρίαν ἐσχηκέναι τὸν βασιλέα τῶν τοιούτων, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ νομίμου τοῦ παραδεδομένου τοῖς βασιλεῦσι τὸ περὶ τὰς μεταβολὰς τῆς ἰδέας μυθολογηθῆναι παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν.

For [they say] that from his company with the astrologers, with whom he lived constantly, the king had gained experience of such things, and that the story of his changes of form was told in myth among the Greeks from the custom handed down to the kings.

ἐν ἔθει γὰρ εἶναι τοῖς κατʼ Αἴγυπτον δυνάσταις περιτίθεσθαι περὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν λεόντων καὶ ταύρων καὶ δρακόντων προτομάς, σημεῖα τῆς ἀρχῆς· καὶ ποτὲ μὲν δένδρα, ποτὲ δὲ πῦρ, ἔστι δʼ ὅτε καὶ θυμιαμάτων εὐωδῶν ἔχειν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς οὐκ ὀλίγα, καὶ διὰ τούτων ἅμα μὲν ἑαυτοὺς εἰς εὐπρέπειαν κοσμεῖν, ἅμα δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους εἰς κατάπληξιν ἄγειν καὶ δεισιδαίμονα διάθεσιν.

For it was customary for the rulers of Egypt to put about their heads the foreparts of lions and bulls and serpents, as signs of their rule; and sometimes trees, sometimes fire, and at times also to carry on their heads not a little fragrant incense, and by these at once to adorn themselves for comeliness and to strike others with astonishment and superstitious awe.

τῆς δὲ τοῦ βοὸς τούτου τιμῆς αἰτίαν ἔνιοι φέρουσι λέγοντες ὅτι τελευτήσαντος Ὀσίριδος εἰς τοῦτον ἡ ψυχὴ μετέστη, καὶ διὰ ταῦτα διατελεῖ μέχρι τοῦ νῦν ἀεὶ κατὰ τὰς ἀναδείξεις αὐτοῦ μεθισταμένη πρὸς τοὺς μεταγενεστέρους·

Some give a reason for the honour paid to this bull, saying that when Osiris died his soul passed into it, and for this reason it continues to this day, at each installation of the bull, always to pass over to its successors;

τοὺς δὲ ταύρους τοὺς ἱερούς, λέγω δὲ τόν τε Ἆπιν καὶ τὸν Μνεῦιν, τιμᾶσθαι παραπλησίως τοῖς θεοῖς, Ὀσίριδος καταδείξαντος, ἅμα μὲν διὰ τὴν τῆς γεωργίας χρείαν, ἅμα δὲ καὶ διὰ τὸ τῶν εὑρόντων τοὺς καρποὺς τὴν δόξαν ταῖς τούτων ἐργασίαις παραδόσιμον γεγονέναι τοῖς μεταγενεστέροις εἰς ἅπαντα τὸν αἰῶνα. τοὺς δὲ πυρροὺς βοῦς συγχωρηθῆναι θύειν διὰ τὸ δοκεῖν τοιοῦτον τῷ χρώματι γεγονέναι Τυφῶνα τὸν ἐπιβουλεύσαντα μὲν Ὀσίριδι, τυχόντα δὲ τιμωρίας ὑπὸ τῆς Ἴσιδος διὰ τὸν τἀνδρὸς φόνον.

The sacred bulls, I mean Apis and Mnevis, are honoured like the gods, as Osiris instituted, both because of their use in agriculture and because the fame of those who discovered the crops has been handed down through the labours of these [beasts] to later generations for all time. Red oxen are permitted to be sacrificed because Typhon is thought to have been of that colour, he who plotted against Osiris and was punished by Isis for the murder of her husband.

καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων δὲ τοὺς ὁμοχρωμάτους τῷ Τυφῶνι τὸ παλαιὸν ὑπὸ τῶν βασιλέων φασὶ θύεσθαι πρὸς τῷ τάφῳ τῷ Ὀσίριδος· τῶν μὲν οὖν Αἰγυπτίων ὀλίγους τινὰς εὑρίσκεσθαι πυρρούς, τῶν δὲ ξένων τοὺς πλείους· διὸ καὶ περὶ τῆς Βουσίριδος ξενοκτονίας παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐνισχῦσαι τὸν μῦθον, οὐ τοῦ βασιλέως ὀνομαζομένου Βουσίριδος, ἀλλὰ τοῦ Ὀσίριδος τάφου ταύτην ἔχοντος τὴν προσηγορίαν κατὰ τὴν τῶν ἐγχωρίων διάλεκτον.

And men too of the same colour as Typhon, they say, were sacrificed in ancient times by the kings at the tomb of Osiris; now few of the Egyptians are found to be red, but most of the foreigners are; and so among the Greeks too the myth of Busiris's killing of strangers gained currency, though Busiris was not the name of a king, but the tomb of Osiris has this name in the language of the natives.

καὶ παρʼ ἑτέροις δὲ πλείοσιν ἔθνεσι παραδέδοται τοῦτο τὸ γένος τῆς ἐπινοίας ὑπάρξαι καὶ πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν αἴτιον γενέσθαι τοῖς πεισθεῖσι· παρὰ μὲν γὰρ τοῖς Ἀριανοῖς Ζαθραύστην ἱστοροῦσι τὸν ἀγαθὸν δαίμονα προσποιήσασθαι τοὺς νόμους αὐτῷ διδόναι, παρὰ δὲ τοῖς ὀνομαζομένοις Γέταις τοῖς ἀπαθανατίζουσι Ζάλμοξιν ὡσαύτως τὴν κοινὴν Ἑστίαν, παρὰ δὲ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις Μωυσῆν τὸν Ἰαὼ ἐπικαλούμενον θεόν, εἴτε θαυμαστὴν καὶ θείαν ὅλως ἔννοιαν εἶναι κρίναντας τὴν μέλλουσαν ὠφελήσειν ἀνθρώπων πλῆθος, εἴτε καὶ πρὸς τὴν ὑπεροχὴν καὶ δύναμιν τῶν εὑρεῖν λεγομένων τοὺς νόμους ἀποβλέψαντα τὸν ὄχλον μᾶλλον ὑπακούσεσθαι διαλαβόντας.

And among several other peoples too this kind of device is recorded as having been used and as having brought many benefits to those who were persuaded by it: for among the Arianians they relate that Zoroaster claimed that the good daimōn [divine spirit] gave him his laws, among the people called the Getae, who make [men] immortal, Zalmoxis [said] the same of the common Hestia, and among the Jews Moses [claimed it of] the god called Iao; whether because they judged a conception that would benefit a multitude of people to be altogether marvellous and divine, or because they supposed that the crowd, looking to the superiority and power of those said to have found the laws, would be the more obedient.

ὠκεανὸν μὲν οὖν καλεῖν τὸν ποταμὸν διὰ τὸ τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν διάλεκτον Ὠκεανὸν λέγειν τὸν Νεῖλον, Ἡλίου δὲ πύλας τὴν πόλιν τὴν τῶν Ἡλιοπολιτῶν, λειμῶνα δʼ ὀνομάζειν, τὴν μυθολογουμένην οἴκησιν τῶν μετηλλαχότων, τὸν παρὰ τὴν λίμνην τόπον τὴν καλουμένην μὲν Ἀχερουσίαν, πλησίον δὲ οὖσαν τῆς Μέμφεως, ὄντων περὶ αὐτὴν λειμώνων καλλίστων, ἕλους καὶ λωτοῦ καὶ καλάμου. ἀκολούθως δʼ εἰρῆσθαι καὶ τὸ κατοικεῖν τοὺς τελευτήσαντας ἐν τούτοις τοῖς τόποις διὰ τὸ τὰς τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ταφὰς τὰς πλείστας καὶ μεγίστας ἐνταῦθα γίνεσθαι, διαπορθμευομένων μὲν τῶν νεκρῶν διά τε τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ τῆς Ἀχερουσίας λίμνης, τιθεμένων δὲ τῶν σωμάτων εἰς τὰς ἐνταῦθα κειμένας θήκας.

[He] calls the river Oceanus because the Egyptians in their own language call the Nile Oceanus; [he calls] the city of the Heliopolitans the gates of the Sun; and he gives the name of meadow, the mythical dwelling of the departed, to the place beside the lake called Acherusia, near Memphis, around which there are very beautiful meadows of marsh, lotus and reed. And it is consistent [with this] that the dead are said to dwell in these places, because most of the Egyptians' burials, and the greatest, take place there, the corpses being ferried across both the river and the Acherusian lake, and the bodies laid in the tombs that lie there.

εἶναι δὲ λέγουσι πλησίον τῶν τόπων τούτων καὶ σκοτίας Ἑκάτης ἱερὸν καὶ πύλας Κωκυτοῦ καὶ Λήθης διειλημμένας χαλκοῖς ὀχεῦσιν. ὑπάρχειν δὲ καὶ ἄλλας πύλας Ἀληθείας, καὶ πλησίον τούτων εἴδωλον ἀκέφαλον ἑστάναι Δίκης.

They say that near these places there are also a shrine of dark Hecate and gates of Cocytus and of Lethe, fastened with bronze bars. And that there are other gates as well, of Truth, and near these stands a headless statue of Justice.

τῆς δʼ Ὁμήρου παρουσίας ἄλλα τε σημεῖα φέρουσι καὶ μάλιστα τὴν τῆς Ἑλένης γενομένην παρὰ Μενελάῳ Τηλεμάχου φαρμακείαν καὶ λήθην τῶν συμβεβηκότων κακῶν. τὸ γὰρ νηπενθὲς φάρμακον, ὃ λαβεῖν φησιν ὁ ποιητὴς τὴν Ἑλένην ἐκ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων Θηβῶν παρὰ Πολυδάμνης τῆς Θῶνος γυναικός, ἀκριβῶς ἐξητακὼς φαίνεται· ἔτι γὰρ καὶ νῦν τὰς ἐν ταύτῃ γυναῖκας τῇ προειρημένῃ δυνάμει χρῆσθαι λέγουσι, καὶ παρὰ μόναις ταῖς Διοσπολίτισιν ἐκ παλαιῶν χρόνων ὀργῆς καὶ λύπης φάρμακον εὑρῆσθαί φασι· τὰς δὲ Θήβας καὶ Διὸς πόλιν τὴν αὐτὴν ὑπάρχειν.

Of Homer's visit they bring forward various signs, and above all the drugging of Telemachus by Helen at Menelaus's [house], and the forgetting of the evils that had befallen. For the drug nepenthes, which the poet says Helen received from Egyptian Thebes, from Polydamna the wife of Thon, he has evidently examined with accuracy; for even now, they say, the women in this city use the aforementioned power, and among the women of Diospolis alone, they say, a drug against anger and grief has been found from ancient times; and Thebes and Diospolis are the same.

τήν τε Ἀφροδίτην ὀνομάζεσθαι παρὰ τοῖς ἐγχωρίοις χρυσῆν ἐκ παλαιᾶς παραδόσεως, καὶ πεδίον εἶναι καλούμενον χρυσῆς Ἀφροδίτης περὶ τὴν ὀνομαζομένην Μώμεμφιν.

And Aphrodite is called ‘golden’ by the natives from an ancient tradition, and there is a plain called ‘of golden Aphrodite’ near the [city] named Momemphis.

τὸν μὲν οὖν τῶν Ἀράβων βασιλέα τιμήσας δώροις καὶ λαφύροις μεγαλοπρεπέσιν ἀπέλυσε μετὰ τῆς ἰδίας στρατιᾶς εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν, αὐτὸς δὲ τὰς πανταχόθεν δυνάμεις καὶ παρασκευὰς πάντων τῶν ἐπιτηδείων ἀθροίσας παρὰ τὸν Εὐφράτην ποταμὸν ἔκτισε πόλιν εὖ τετειχισμένην, ἑτερόμηκες αὐτῆς ὑποστησάμενος τὸ σχῆμα. εἶχε δὲ τῶν μὲν μακροτέρων πλευρῶν ἑκατέραν ἡ πόλις ἑκατὸν καὶ πεντήκοντα σταδίων, τῶν δὲ βραχυτέρων ἐνενήκοντα.

The king of the Arabs, then, he honoured with gifts and magnificent spoils and sent back with his own army to his own land, while he himself, gathering forces from everywhere and supplies of everything needed, founded beside the river Euphrates a well-walled city, laying out its shape as an oblong. Each of the longer sides of the city was a hundred and fifty stades, and each of the shorter ones ninety.

κατὰ τὴν Συρίαν τοίνυν ἔστι πόλις Ἀσκάλων, καὶ ταύτης οὐκ ἄπωθεν λίμνη μεγάλη καὶ βαθεῖα πλήρης ἰχθύων. παρὰ δὲ ταύτην ὑπάρχει τέμενος θεᾶς ἐπιφανοῦς, ἣν ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ Σύροι Δερκετοῦν· αὕτη δὲ τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον ἔχει γυναικός, τὸ δʼ ἄλλο σῶμα πᾶν ἰχθύος διά τινας τοιαύτας αἰτίας.

In Syria, then, there is a city, Ascalon, and not far from it a large, deep lake full of fish. Beside it is the precinct of a famous goddess whom the Syrians call Derceto; she has the face of a woman, but all the rest of her body is that of a fish, for some such reasons as these.

μυθολογοῦσιν οἱ λογιώτατοι τῶν ἐγχωρίων τὴν Ἀφροδίτην προσκόψασαν τῇ προειρημένῃ θεᾷ δεινὸν ἐμβαλεῖν ἔρωτα νεανίσκου τινὸς τῶν θυόντων οὐκ ἀειδοῦς· τὴν δὲ Δερκετοῦν μιγεῖσαν τῷ Σύρῳ γεννῆσαι μὲν θυγατέρα, καταισχυνθεῖσαν δʼ ἐπὶ τοῖς ἡμαρτημένοις τὸν μὲν νεανίσκον ἀφανίσαι, τὸ δὲ παιδίον εἴς τινας ἐρήμους καὶ πετρώδεις τόπους ἐκθεῖναι· ἑαυτὴν δὲ διὰ τὴν αἰσχύνην καὶ λύπην ῥίψασαν εἰς τὴν λίμνην μετασχηματισθῆναι τὸν τοῦ σώματος τύπον εἰς ἰχθῦν· διὸ καὶ τοὺς Σύρους μέχρι τοῦ νῦν ἀπέχεσθαι τούτου τοῦ ζῴου καὶ τιμᾶν τοὺς ἰχθῦς ὡς θεούς.

The most learned of the natives relate in myth that Aphrodite, having taken offence at the aforementioned goddess, cast into her a terrible passion for a certain youth, not ill-looking, among those who offered sacrifice; and that Derceto, having lain with the Syrian, bore a daughter, but being ashamed of her misdeeds, made the youth disappear and exposed the child in some desert and rocky places; and that she herself, from shame and grief, threw herself into the lake and was changed in the form of her body into a fish; for which reason the Syrians to this day abstain from this creature and honour fish as gods.

περὶ δὲ τὸν τόπον ὅπου τὸ βρέφος ἐξετέθη πλήθους περιστερῶν ἐννεοττεύοντος παραδόξως καὶ δαιμονίως ὑπὸ τούτων τὸ παιδίον διατρέφεσθαι· τὰς μὲν γὰρ ταῖς πτέρυξι περιεχούσας τὸ σῶμα τοῦ βρέφους πανταχόθεν θάλπειν, τὰς δʼ ἐκ τῶν σύνεγγυς ἐπαύλεων, ὁπότε τηρήσειαν τούς τε βουκόλους καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους νομεῖς ἀπόντας, ἐν τῷ στόματι φερούσας γάλα διατρέφειν παρασταζούσας ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν χειλῶν.

And around the place where the infant was exposed, a great flock of doves was nesting, and by them the child was nurtured in a marvellous and divine way; for some, enfolding the infant's body with their wings on every side, kept it warm, while others, whenever they saw that the cowherds and the other herdsmen were away, carried milk in their beaks from the nearby farmsteads and fed it by dripping it between its lips.

εὐθὺς οὖν αὐτὸ κομίσαντας εἰς τὴν ἔπαυλιν δωρήσασθαι τῷ προεστηκότι τῶν βασιλικῶν κτηνῶν, ὄνομα Σίμμᾳ· καὶ τοῦτον ἄτεκνον ὄντα τὸ παιδίον τρέφειν ὡς θυγάτριον μετὰ πάσης ἐπιμελείας, ὄνομα θέμενον Σεμίραμιν, ὅπερ ἐστὶ κατὰ τὴν τῶν Σύρων διάλεκτον παρωνομασμένον ἀπὸ τῶν περιστερῶν, ἃς ἀπʼ ἐκείνων τῶν χρόνων οἱ κατὰ Συρίαν ἅπαντες διετέλεσαν ὡς θεὰς τιμῶντες.

So they at once carried it to the farmstead and gave it to the overseer of the royal herds, Simmas by name; and he, being childless, reared the child as his daughter with every care, giving her the name Semiramis, which in the language of the Syrians is a name derived from doves, which since those times all the people of Syria have continued to honour as goddesses.

τὸ δʼ εὖρος, ὥς φησι Κτησίας, δέκα. διὸ καὶ τῆς πόλεως παρὰ τὸν Εὐφράτην ἐν πεδίῳ κειμένης ἀπὸ πολλῶν σταδίων ἐφαίνετο τὸ χῶμα καθαπερεί τις ἀκρόπολις· ὃ καὶ μέχρι τοῦ νῦν φασι διαμένειν, καίπερ τῆς Νίνου κατεσκαμμένης ὑπὸ Μήδων, ὅτε κατέλυσαν τὴν Ἀσσυρίων βασιλείαν. ἡ δὲ Σεμίραμις, οὖσα φύσει μεγαλεπίβολος καὶ φιλοτιμουμένη τῇ δόξῃ τὸν βεβασιλευκότα πρὸ αὐτῆς ὑπερθέσθαι, πόλιν μὲν ἐπεβάλετο κτίζειν ἐν τῇ Βαβυλωνίᾳ, ἐπιλεξαμένη δὲ τοὺς πανταχόθεν ἀρχιτέκτονας καὶ τεχνίτας, ἔτι δὲ τὴν ἄλλην χορηγίαν παρασκευασαμένη, συνήγαγεν ἐξ ἁπάσης τῆς βασιλείας πρὸς τὴν τῶν ἔργων συντέλειαν ἀνδρῶν μυριάδας διακοσίας.

and its breadth, as Ctesias says, ten. So, since the city lay on a plain beside the Euphrates, the mound could be seen from many stades away like an acropolis; and they say it remains to this day, although Nineveh was razed by the Medes when they overthrew the kingdom of the Assyrians. Semiramis, who was by nature given to great enterprises and eager for glory to surpass her predecessor on the throne, set about founding a city in Babylonia; and having chosen architects and craftsmen from everywhere, and furthermore having prepared all the other resources, she gathered from the whole kingdom two million men for the completion of the works.

μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἐν μέσῃ τῇ πόλει κατεσκεύασεν ἱερὸν Διός, |ὃν καλοῦσιν οἱ Βαβυλώνιοι, καθάπερ εἰρήκαμεν, Βῆλον. περὶ τούτου δὲ τῶν συγγραφέων διαφωνούντων, καὶ τοῦ κατασκευάσματος διὰ τὸν χρόνον καταπεπτωκότος, οὐκ ἔστιν ἀποφήνασθαι τἀκριβές. ὁμολογεῖται δʼ ὑψηλὸν γεγενῆσθαι καθʼ ὑπερβολήν, καὶ τοὺς Χαλδαίους ἐν αὐτῷ τὰς τῶν ἄστρων πεποιῆσθαι παρατηρήσεις, ἀκριβῶς θεωρουμένων τῶν τʼ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δύσεων διὰ τὸ τοῦ κατασκευάσματος ὕψος.

After this she built in the middle of the city a temple of Zeus, whom the Babylonians, as we have said, call Belus. Since the historians disagree about this, and the structure has fallen down through time, it is not possible to state the exact truth. But it is agreed that it was exceedingly high, and that the Chaldaeans made their observations of the stars in it, the risings and settings being accurately observed because of the height of the structure.

τῆς δʼ ὅλης οἰκοδομίας ἐξ ἀσφάλτου |καὶ πλίνθου πεφιλοτεχνημένης πολυτελῶς, ἐπʼ ἄκρας τῆς ἀναβάσεως τρία κατεσκεύασεν ἀγάλματα χρυσᾶ σφυρήλατα, Διός, Ἥρας, Ῥέας. τούτων δὲ τὸ μὲν τοῦ Διὸς ἑστηκὸς ἦν καὶ διαβεβηκός, ὑπάρχον δὲ ποδῶν τετταράκοντα τὸ μῆκος σταθμὸν εἶχε χιλίων ταλάντων Βαβυλωνίων· τὸ δὲ τῆς Ῥέας ἐπὶ δίφρου καθήμενον χρυσοῦ τὸν ἴσον σταθμὸν εἶχε τῷ προειρημένῳ· ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν γονάτων αὐτῆς εἱστήκεσαν λέοντες δύο, καὶ πλησίον ὄφεις ὑπερμεγέθεις ἀργυροῖ, τριάκοντα ταλάντων ἕκαστος ἔχων τὸ βάρος.

The whole building having been made with costly artistry of asphalt and brick, at the top of the ascent she set up three statues of hammered gold, of Zeus, Hera and Rhea. Of these, that of Zeus was standing and striding forward, and being forty feet high it weighed a thousand Babylonian talents; that of Rhea, seated on a golden chair, had the same weight as the former; and at her knees stood two lions, and near by huge serpents of silver, each weighing thirty talents.

ἔνιοι δὲ μυθολογοῦντές φασιν αὐτὴν γενέσθαι περιστεράν, καὶ πολλῶν ὀρνέων εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν καταπετασθέντων μετʼ ἐκείνων ἐκπετασθῆναι· διὸ καὶ τοὺς Ἀσσυρίους τὴν περιστερὰν τιμᾶν ὡς θεόν, ἀπαθανατίζοντας τὴν Σεμίραμιν. αὕτη μὲν οὖν βασιλεύσασα τῆς Ἀσίας ἁπάσης πλὴν Ἰνδῶν ἐτελεύτησε τὸν προειρημένον τρόπον, βιώσασα μὲν ἔτη ἑξήκοντα δύο, βασιλεύσασα δὲ δύο πρὸς τοῖς τετταράκοντα.

Some, telling it as myth, say that she became a dove and, when many birds had flown down to the house, flew away with them; and that this is why the Assyrians honour the dove as a deity, making Semiramis immortal. She, then, having ruled all Asia except the Indians, died in the manner described, having lived sixty-two years and reigned forty-two.

Χαλδαῖοι τοίνυν τῶν ἀρχαιοτάτων ὄντες Βαβυλωνίων τῇ μὲν διαιρέσει τῆς πολιτείας παραπλησίαν ἔχουσι τάξιν τοῖς κατʼ Αἴγυπτον ἱερεῦσι· πρὸς γὰρ τῇ θεραπείᾳ τῶν θεῶν τεταγμένοι πάντα τὸν τοῦ ζῆν χρόνον φιλοσοφοῦσι, μεγίστην δόξαν ἔχοντες ἐν ἀστρολογίᾳ. ἀντέχονται δʼ ἐπὶ πολὺ καὶ μαντικῆς, ποιούμενοι προρρήσεις περὶ τῶν μελλόντων, καὶ τῶν μὲν καθαρμοῖς, τῶν δὲ θυσίαις, τῶν δʼ ἄλλαις τισὶν ἐπῳδαῖς ἀποτροπὰς κακῶν καὶ τελειώσεις ἀγαθῶν πειρῶνται πορίζειν.

The Chaldaeans, then, being among the most ancient of the Babylonians, hold in the divisions of the state a position much like that of the priests in Egypt; for being appointed to the service of the gods, they spend their whole life in philosophy, having the greatest reputation in astrology. They also devote themselves much to divination, making predictions about the future, and they try to provide the averting of evils and the fulfilment of good things, some by purifications, some by sacrifices, and some by certain other incantations.

καὶ Πέρσου μὲν Ἑκάτην γενέσθαι θυγατέρα, τόλμῃ καὶ παρανομίᾳ προέχουσαν τοῦ πατρός· φιλοκύνηγον δʼ οὖσαν ἐν ταῖς ἀποτυχίαις ἀνθρώπους ἀντὶ τῶν θηρίων κατατοξεύειν. φιλότεχνον δʼ εἰς φαρμάκων θανασίμων συνθέσεις γενομένην τὸ καλούμενον ἀκόνιτον ἐξευρεῖν, καὶ τῆς ἑκάστου δυνάμεως πεῖραν λαμβάνειν μίσγουσαν ταῖς διδομέναις τοῖς ξένοις τροφαῖς. ἐμπειρίαν δὲ μεγάλην ἐν τούτοις ἔχουσαν πρῶτον μὲν τὸν πατέρα φαρμάκῳ διαφθεῖραι καὶ διαδέξασθαι τὴν βασιλείαν, ἔπειτʼ Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερὸν ἱδρυσαμένην καὶ τοὺς καταπλέοντας ξένους θύεσθαι τῇ θεῷ καταδείξασαν ἐπʼ ὠμότητι διονομασθῆναι.

To Perses was born a daughter, Hecate, who surpassed her father in daring and lawlessness; being fond of hunting, when she had no luck she would shoot down men with her arrows instead of beasts. Being devoted to the art of compounding deadly drugs, she discovered the so-called aconite, and tested the power of each [poison] by mixing it into the food given to strangers. Having gained great experience in these things, she first destroyed her father with poison and succeeded to the kingship; then, having founded a temple of Artemis and instituted the sacrifice to the goddess of strangers who put in by sea, she became notorious for her cruelty.

μελλόντων δʼ ἐκπλεῖν τῶν περὶ τὸν Θησέα, ὁ Αἰγεὺς συνέθετο πρὸς τὸν κυβερνήτην καὶ προσέταξεν αὐτῷ, ἐὰν μὲν ὁ Θησεὺς νικήσῃ τὸν Μινώταυρον, καταπλεῖν αὐτοὺς λευκοῖς ἱστίοις, ἐὰν δὲ ἀπόληται, μέλασι, καθάπερ καὶ πρότερον ποιεῖν εἰώθεσαν. καταπλευσάντων δʼ αὐτῶν εἰς Κρήτην Ἀριάδνη μὲν ἡ θυγάτηρ τοῦ Μίνωος ἠράσθη τοῦ Θησέως εὐπρεπείᾳ διαφέροντος, Θησεὺς δʼ εἰς λόγους ἐλθὼν αὐτῇ καὶ ταύτην συνεργὸν λαβών, τόν τε Μινώταυρον ἀπέκτεινε καὶ τὴν ἔξοδον τὴν τοῦ λαβυρίνθου παρʼ αὐτῆς μαθὼν διεσώθη.

When Theseus and his companions were about to sail, Aegeus made an agreement with the helmsman and instructed him that if Theseus overcame the Minotaur they should sail home with white sails, but if he perished, with black, as they had been accustomed to do before. When they had sailed to Crete, Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, fell in love with Theseus, who was outstanding for his good looks, and Theseus, entering into talk with her and gaining her as his helper, both killed the Minotaur and, having learned from her the way out of the labyrinth, escaped safely.

διὰ δὲ τῆς τούτου φιλοτεχνίας τὴν Πασιφάην μιγεῖσαν τῷ ταύρῳ γεννῆσαι τὸν μυθολογούμενον Μινώταυρον. τοῦτον δέ φασι διφυῆ γεγονέναι, καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀνώτερα μέρη τοῦ σώματος ἄχρι τῶν ὤμων ἔχειν ταύρου, τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ ἀνθρώπου.

Through his ingenuity Pasiphae lay with the bull and bore the Minotaur of the myth. They say that he was of double nature, having the upper parts of the body as far as the shoulders [those] of a bull, and the rest [those] of a man.

λέγονται δʼ οὗτοι καὶ γόητες γεγονέναι καὶ παράγειν ὅτε βούλοιντο νέφη τε καὶ ὄμβρους καὶ χαλάζας, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ χιόνα ἐφέλκεσθαι· ταῦτα δὲ καθάπερ καὶ τοὺς μάγους ποιεῖν ἱστοροῦσιν. ἀλλάττεσθαι δὲ καὶ τὰς ἰδίας μορφάς, καὶ εἶναι φθονεροὺς ἐν τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῶν τεχνῶν.

These are also said to have been sorcerers, and to bring on, whenever they wished, clouds and rain and hail, and likewise to draw down snow; and these things, they relate, they did just as the magi do. They also changed their own shapes, and were jealous in teaching their crafts.

σημεῖα δὲ τούτων φασὶ διαμένειν τὸ πολλὰς τῶν γυναικῶν ἔτι καὶ νῦν λαμβάνειν ἐπῳδὰς ἀπὸ τούτου τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ περιάμματα ποιεῖν, ὡς γεγονότος αὐτοῦ γόητος καὶ τὰ περὶ τὰς τελετὰς ἐπιτετηδευκότος· ἃ δὴ πλεῖστον κεχωρίσθαι τῆς Ἡρακλέους συνηθείας τοῦ γεγονότος ἐξ Ἀλκμήνης.

As evidence of this, they say, there remains [the fact] that many of the women even now take incantations from this god and make amulets, on the ground that he was a sorcerer and practised what concerns the mystery rites; and these are very far removed from the ways of the Heracles who was born of Alcmene.